埃及景点英文介绍

① 埃及金字塔的英文简介

a structure where the outer
surfaces are triangular and converge at a point. For thousands of years, the largest structures on earth were pyramids:first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu, both of Egypt, the latter the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still remaining. Khufu’s Pyramid is built entirely of limestone, and is considered an architectural masterpiece. It contains around 1,300,000 blocks ranging in weight from 2.5 tons to 15 tons and is built on a square base with sides measuring about 230m (755ft), covering 13 acres. Its four sides face the four cardinal points precisely and it has an angle of 52 degrees. The original height of the Pyramid was 146.5m (488ft), but today it is only 137m (455ft) high, the 9m (33ft) that is missing is e to the theft of the fine quality limestone covering, or casing stones, by the Ottoman Turks in the 15 Century A.D, to build houses and Mosques in Cairo. It is still the tallest pyramid. The largest pyramid in the world ever built, by volume, is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla. This pyramid is still being excavated.

The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the world's largest constructions. The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza in 2575-2150 B.C.As of 2008, some 138 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt.The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. Until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in AD 1311, it was the tallest building in the world. The base is over 52,600 square meters in area. While pyramids are associated with Egypt, the nation of Sudan has 220 extant pyramids, the most numerous in the world.

The Great Pyramid of Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is the only one to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians covered the faces of pyramids with polished white limestone, containing great quantities of fossilized seashells. Many of the facing stones have fallen or have been removed and used to build the mosques of Cairo

② 埃及金字塔的英文介绍

金字塔是埃及人在他们的领袖--名为法老--的命令下建造的。the pyramids were built by egyptians under the orders of the egyptian leader, whose title was pharaoh. 法老们的初衷是为自己建造豪华的陵墓，而最终他们创建的却是昭示人类潜能的纪念碑。金字塔蕴含着一种共同的信息，金字塔属于埃及，但它也属于世界。因此我们完全可以把金字塔作为展示人类伟大文明的早期纪念物。the pharaohs may have set out to build magnificent tombs for themselves, but in the end they created monuments to human potential. there's a universal message in the pyramids. the pyramids be long to egypt, but the pyramids also belong to the world. that's why we can all identify the pyramids as an early monument of human greatness. 由于历经岁月的沧桑，金字塔位列十大人工奇观排行榜第2名。for being a man made wonder that has survived the sands of time1, the pyramids rise to the n umber two spot.

③ 埃及众神的英语介绍

古埃及人的信仰属多神教类，神只多以动物作为其象征，其形象多为人身动物头。

九柱神（Ennead）：埃及神话中的九位主要神只。

Ennead (Greek Ἐννεάς, meaning the nine), an ancient Greek translation of the Egyptian word, Pesedjet, consists of a grouping of nine deities, most often appearing in the context of Egyptian mythology.

As a multiple, three times three, the number nine became associated, religiously, as a great cardinal power, and many ancient peoples considered groupings of nine deities very important. It is likely that this belief was imposed upon the diverse groupings of deities who were included in the Egyptian pantheon and which differed from place to place.

The ancient Egyptians established multiple Pesedjets. The Pyramid Texts, originating in the fifth and sixth dynasty of the Old Kingdom, mention the Great Pesedjet, the Lesser Pesedjet, the Dual Pesedjet, plural Pesedjets, and even the Seven Pesedjets. Some pharaohs established pesedjets that incorporated themselves among the deities; most notably, Seti I in his temple at Redesiyah worshipped a pesedjet that combined six important deities with three deified forms of himself.

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拉（Ra）：主神，太阳神。其形象与阿蒙结合在一起。

Ra (often pronounced as Rah, but more correctly as Ré) is the ancient Egyptian sun god. By the fifth dynasty he became a major deity in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the mid-day sun, with other deities representing other positions of the sun. Ra changed greatly over time and in one form or another, much later he was said to represent the sun at all times of the day. The chief cult centre of Ra first was based in the city of Inunu, later called Heliopolis meaning "City of the Sun" by the Ancient Greeks. In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was merged with the god Horus, as Re-Horakhty (and many variant spellings). When his worship reached this position of importance in the Egyptian pantheon, he was believed to command the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was associated with the falcon, the symbol of other sun deities who protected the pharaohs in later myths. After the deities were paired with pharaohs, the children of Hathor were considered to be fathered by Ra.

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泰芙努特（Tefnut）：雨水之神。

In Egyptian mythology, Tefnut (alternate spellings Tefenet, Tefnet) is a goddess of water and fertility. Her name means moist waters[citation needed](i.e. rain). She was created by Atum (a solar god, as were Ra, Horakty, and Khepri) from his mucus, a mythology that may be related to the alternative translation of her name - spat waters. The Memphite version of the myth states that Atum sneezed once and Tefnut's brother Shu was born, and when he coughed to clear his throat Tefnut was born. With her brother, Shu, she was the mother of Geb and Nut. In a third version, Atum masturbated and his semen formed Tefnut, and his breath formed her brother Shu.

In a myth describing the terrible weather disaster at the end of the Old Kingdom it was said that Tefnut (moisture) and Shu once argued, and she left Egypt.[citation needed] The myth states that Shu quickly decided he missed her, but she fled to Nubia (somewhere much more temperate), and changed into a cat (symbolic of war), destroying any man or god that approached. Thoth, disguised, eventually succeeds in convincing her to return. Tefnut is sometimes depicted as lioness in reflection of this tale. She is also shown as a lioness headed goddess. In heiroglyphs Tefnut is usually seen lying between the firmament and the earth.

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盖布（Geb）：大地之神。

Geb was the Egyptian god of the Earth and a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis. The name was pronounced as such from the Greek period onward, (formerly erroneously read as Seb (cf. E.A.Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians. Studies in Egyptian Mythology (London, 1904; republ.Dover Publications, New York, 1969) or as Keb. The original Egyptian was "Gebeb"/"Kebeb", meaning probably: 'weak one', perhaps:'lame one'. It was spelled with either initial -g- (all periods), or with -k-point (gj). The latter initial root consonant occurs once in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts, more often in 21st Dynasty mythological papyri as well as in a text from the Ptolemaic tomb of Petosiris at Tuna el-Gebel or was written with initial hard -k-, as e.g. in a 30th Dynasty papyrus text in the Brooklyn Museum dealing with descriptions of and remedies against snakes and their bites.

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阿蒙（Ammon）：主神

The Ammon or Ammonites (Hebrew: עַמּוֹן, Modern ʻAmmon Tiberian ʻAmmôn ; "People", also referred to as the children of Ammon) was a kingdom described in the Bible, said to occupy an area east of the Jordan river, Gilead and the Dead Sea.

The Old Testament describes the Ammonites as originating with an illegitimate son of Lot. From their original territory, the Ammonites are supposed to have been expelled by Sihon, king of the Amorites. The chief city of the country was Rabbah or Rabbath Ammon (the modern city of Amman is now located at this site).

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阿图姆（Atum）：暮之太阳神。

Atum (alternatively spelled Tem, Temu, Tum, and Atem) is an important deity in Egyptian mythology, whose cult centred on the city of Heliopolis. His name is thought to be derived from the word 'tem' which means to complete or finish. Thus he has been interpreted as being the 'complete one' and also the finisher of the world, which he returns to watery chaos at the end of the creative cycle. As creator he was seen as the underlying substance of the world, the deities and all things being made of his flesh or alternatively being his ka.

AtumAtum is one of the most important and frequently mentioned deities from earliest times, as evidenced by his prominence in the Pyramid Texts, where he is portrayed as both a creator and father to the king. He is usually depicted as a man wearing either the royal head-cloth or the al white and red crown of Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt, reinforcing his connection with kingship. Sometimes he also is shown as a serpent, the form which he returns to at the end of the creative cycle and also occasionally as a mongoose, lion, bull, lizard, or ape.

In the Heliopolitan creation myth established in the sixth dynasty, he was considered to be the first god, having created himself, sitting on a mound (benben) (or identified with the mound itself), from the primordial waters (Nu). Early myths state that Atum created the god Shu and goddess Tefnut from spitting or from his semen by masturbation in the city of Annu (the Egyptian name for Heliopolis)[1], a belief strongly associated with Atum's nature as a hermaphrodite (hence his name meaning completeness).

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荷鲁斯（Horus）：法老的守护神，王权的象征。外形为鹰头人身。

Horus is one of the oldest and most significant of the deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horuses are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists.[1] These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasised, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality.[2] The earliest recorded form is Horus the Falcon who was the patron deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt and who is the first known national god, specifically related to the king who in time became to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death.[1] The most commonly encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris but in another tradition Hathor is regarded as his mother and sometimes as his wife.[1] Horus served many functions in the Egyptian pantheon, most notably being the god of the sky and god of war.

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阿努比斯（Anubis）：死神。外形为狼头人身。

Anubis is the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology. In the ancient Egyptian language, Anubis is known as Inpu, (variously spelled Anupu, Ienpw etc.). The oldest known mention of Anubis is in the Old Kingdom pyramid texts, where he is associated with the burial of the king.At this time, Anubis was the most important god of the Dead but he was replaced ring the Middle Kingdom by Osiris.

He takes names in connection with his funerary role, such as He who is upon his mountain, which underscores his importance as a protector of the deceased and their tombs, and the title He who is in the place of embalming, associating him with the process of mummification. Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumes different roles in various contexts, and no public procession in Egypt would be concted without an Anubis to march at the head.

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贝斯特（Bast/Bastet）：猫神。

In Egyptian mythology, Bast (also spelled Ubasti, Baset, and later Bastet) is an ancient solar and war goddess, worshipped at least since the Second Dynasty. In the late dynasties, the priests of Amun began to call her Bastet, a repetitive and diminutive form after her role in the pantheon became diminished as Sekhmet, a similar lioness war deity, became more dominant in the unified culture of Lower and Upper Egypt. In the Middle Kingdom, the cat appeared as Bastet’s sacred animal and after the New Kingdom she was depicted as a woman with a cat’s head carrying a sacred rattle and a box or basket.

Bast or Bastet was the cat goddess and local deity of the town of Bubastis (Per-Bast in Egyptian), where her cult was centered.Bubastis was named after her. Originally she was viewed as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt, and consequently depicted as a fierce lioness. Indeed, her name means (female) devourer.[citation needed] As protector, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, and consequently of the later chief male deity, Ra, who was also a solar deity, gaining her the titles Lady of Flame and Eye of Ra.

The goddess Bast was sometimes depicted holding a ceremonial sistrum in one hand and an aegis in the other – the aegis usually resembling a collar or gorget embellished with a lioness head.

Bast was a goddess of the sun throughout most of Ancient Egyptian history, but later when she was changed into a cat goddess rather than a lion, she was changed to a goddess of the moon by Greeks occupying Ancient Egypt toward the end of its civilization. In Greek mythology, Bast is also known as Aelurus.

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④ 埃及旅游介绍和简介(最好中英对照)

lonely Planet中英文版

⑤ 求一篇英文的介绍埃及的文章

was there engineering genius involved? yes, there was. for example, when you're putting the b lock right at the top, how are you going to lug5 a block of stone that weighs several tons 480 fee t up a structure? how are you going to do it, and how are you going to do it without leaving scratches6 on all the rest of the structure? and how many people does it take to drag a block weighing several tons 480 feet up into the sky? approximately, 2.3 million blocks of stone were cut, transported and assembled to create the great pyramid.

the pharaohs may have set out to build magnificent tombs for themselves, but in the end they created monuments to human potential. there's a universal message in the pyramids. the pyramids be long to egypt, but the pyramids also belong to the world. that's why we can all identify the pyramids as an early monument of human greatness.

for being a man made wonder that has survived the sands of time1, the pyramids rise to the n umber two spot.

⑥ 金字塔的介绍（英文版）

Pyramids are distributed in Egypt and the Americas, including upper Egypt,

middle Egypt and lower Egypt in ancient Egypt, present-day Sudan and Egypt.

There are about 80 pyramids scattered in the lower reaches of the Nile. Among them.

The largest one is the Houf Pyramid, which is 146.5 meters high and 230 meters long at the bottom.

It is made of 2.3 million stone blocks with an average area of 2.5 tons each, covering 52,000 square meters.

译文：

金字塔在埃及和美洲等地均有分布，古埃及的上埃及、中埃及和下埃及，今苏丹和埃及境内。现在的尼罗河下游，散布着约80座金字塔遗迹。 大小不一，其中最高大的是胡夫金字塔，高146.5米，底长230米，共用230万块平均每块2.5吨的石块砌成，占地52000平方公尺。

(6)埃及景点英文介绍扩展阅读：

胡夫金字塔：

胡夫金字塔建于公元前2675年，是第四王朝第二位法老胡夫的坟墓；建造大金字塔花费了20多万人；占地13英亩，由230万块重达2.5吨的石头建造而成。原高度146.59米。1889年在巴黎建造300米高的埃菲尔铁塔之前，它是世界上最高的建筑，但由于它的年代久远，塔顶已经风化了。

端部剥离10米，现高136.5米，底座每侧230米长，三角形角度51度，塔楼建筑面积52.9万平方米。

⑦ 埃及金字塔的英文介绍

古埃及金字塔是奴隶制帝王的陵墓，最宏大的当为吉萨三座大金字塔。塔基呈方形，每边长230米，高146米，用230余万块巨石(每块平均重达2.5吨)垒成，国王墓室用一块400吨重的石板垒成。整体规模雄伟壮观，设计科学，构造复杂，历时30年建成。古希腊时即被称为世界七大奇迹之一，1980年列入世界遗产名录。
built 4,000 years ago, the three great pyramids at giza, in the egyptian desert remain the most colossal1 buildings ever constructed.

the pyramids were built by egyptians under the orders of the egyptian leader, whose title was pharaoh2. there was a sequence of pharaohs culminating3 around 2615 b.c., with the pharaoh cheops who built the biggest thing ever built, the great pyramid, also known as khufu. cheops built a pyramid 770 feet on one side and 481 feet tall. how ancient builders managed to build these massive structures has never been fully answered but the effort clearly required brains and brawn4.

was there engineering genius involved? yes, there was. for example, when you're putting the b lock right at the top, how are you going to lug5 a block of stone that weighs several tons 480 fee t up a structure? how are you going to do it, and how are you going to do it without leaving scratches6 on all the rest of the structure? and how many people does it take to drag a block weighing several tons 480 feet up into the sky? approximately, 2.3 million blocks of stone were cut, transported and assembled to create the great pyramid.

the pharaohs may have set out to build magnificent tombs for themselves, but in the end they created monuments to human potential. there's a universal message in the pyramids. the pyramids be long to egypt, but the pyramids also belong to the world. that's why we can all identify the pyramids as an early monument of human greatness.

for being a man made wonder that has survived the sands of time1, the pyramids rise to the n umber two spot.

矗立在埃及沙漠中吉萨的三座大金字塔建于4000年前，它们一直都是有史以来最宏大的建筑。

金字塔是埃及人在他们的领袖--名为法老--的命令下建造的。在公元前2615年左右，几任法老相继统治埃及，基奥普斯法老建造了有史以来最大的金字塔--大金字塔，也被称为胡夫金字塔。胡夫金字塔每边长770英尺，高481英尺。古代的建筑者是如何建造这些庞然大物的，这一直是个未解之谜，但很明显它需要付出大量的脑力和体力。

有工程天才的参与吗？是的，有。比如，当你要把一个石块放在顶端时，你该如何把一个几吨重的石块提升到480英尺的高度呢？应该怎样做？怎么做才不至于在塔身留下刮痕？把几吨重的石块提举到480英尺的高处又需要多少人力呢？为了建造大金字塔，人们切割、运输、垒砌了大约230万块石头。

法老们的初衷是为自己建造豪华的陵墓，而最终他们创建的却是昭示人类潜能的纪念碑。金字塔蕴含着一种共同的信息，金字塔属于埃及，但它也属于世界。因此我们完全可以把金字塔作为展示人类伟大文明的早期纪念物。

由于历经岁月的沧桑，金字塔位列十大人工奇观排行榜第2名。

⑧ 埃及开罗的景点英语介绍

Egypt is the pyramids of ancient Egypt's slave society, cone-shaped tomb of the emperor. One of the world's seven major construction miracle. Large number of widely distributed. Cairo Xinanniluo west of the ancient city of Memphis, the most concentrated area. Ji Sanan rural 8 kilometres Libyan desert in three is particularly well-known, said Giza pyramids. The fourth dynasty's largest Khufu's tomb, built in the 27th century BC, the equivalent of 146.5 meters high 40-storey skyscraper in, the bottom edge of each 230 meters long by 2.3 million, weighing about 2.5 tons of large stones Die Cheng, an area of 53,900 square meters. A tower corridors, stairs, offices and various precious ornaments. The works lasted more than 30 years. Southeast tower has enormous Sphinx.

Egypt, the most famous Cheops pyramid, is Pharaoh (the ancient Egyptian king) of the tomb. But in fact was only after the establishment of the people as a tomb, in fact, before the establishment of the first 50 hours of the pyramid, only seven dead pharaohs.
Legend has it, the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt, both royalty and ordinary people after death or the Minister, have been buried by a mud brick built into the rectangular tomb, the ancient Egyptians called "Masitaba." Later, a smart young man named Pu Yi Muhe too, in the Egyptian pharaoh to the design of the left-Cypriot graves, the invention of a new construction methods. He was under the hill-square stones instead of mud brick, and continue to modify the design of the construction of the tomb and eventually built a six trapezoidal pyramid - this is what we now see the embryonic form of the pyramid.

In ancient Egypt, in the hierarchical pyramid is the ladder, also known as the level of the pyramid. This is a tall cone angle of the building, a square base, each side is the text triangle, look like the Chinese character "of the word" Therefore, we call the "pyramid." Yimu He Tepper design of the tower is the tomb of Egyptian history, the first stone tomb.

In the earliest time, the pharaoh of Egypt is ready to Masitaba death as a permanent residence. Later, about in the second to the third dynasty, the Egyptians have to become king after the death of God, his soul to the concept of heaven. Later found in the "pyramid inscriptions" in this: "He (Pharaoh) construction of the Shangtianti from heaven, so that he can on this to the sky."

Pyramid is such a Shangtianti.

At the same time, Kok said Cone pyramid form of the sun god worship, because the ancient Egyptian sun god "啦" signs is the sun shine. Pyramid is the symbol of blue sky pierced the sun shine. Because, when you stand on the road leading to the Jize, in the perspective of the pyramid edges looking to the West, we can see the pyramid as the sun shine Saxiang the earth.

"Pyramid inscriptions" in this case: "The sky to extend the radiance of your own, so that you can go to heaven, like widening the eyes of the same." Later, the ancient Egyptian obelisk of worship also have such significance, because the obelisk also said that the radiance of the sun.

It was impossible to believe that ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, said that the pyramid may be made by aliens, perhaps a more ancient human left, because the mystery of the pyramid there are too many!

Slavery is the ancient Egyptian pyramid of King Lingqin. These rulers in history as "Pharaoh." Pharaoh who ruled the world, not only alive, but after the death of a god fantasies, dominate the negative sector, therefore, "Pharaoh" after his death, then remove offal, the Baptist to preservatives, fill in spices, long-term preservation of the body, known as the "mummy" . Pyramid is the storage of "Pharaoh" mummy's Lingqin. Now, in the preservation of Egypt's pyramid has a total of 96, most of the West Bank in the Nile Valley, west of arable edge of the desert.

General large pyramid built in the Old Kingdom 3-6 Dynasty (about 2664 BC to 2180 before), in the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, not far north of the Giza and Sakkara, Rasul, Mei Dumu Abuxier and other places and have a large number of sites.

As the pyramid is a cone-shaped buildings, ancient Egyptian text calls it "Bailey, Moose", meaning "high" and its base of a square, the more on the more narrow, until the top of the tower, look at all sides Chinese characters are like the "gold", so China has always translated "pyramid."

Among the many pyramid, the most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza, located about 13 kilometers Luoxi Nan opened the Giza region. This group of a total of three pyramids, were the ancient Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Khufu (second generation of Pharaoh), Kafu Le (fourth generation of Pharaoh) and Bangladesh CAUGHLEY (sixth generation Pharaoh) built.

Cheops pyramid, also known as the Apu Si-pyramid, built in 2760 BC, is the largest in the history of a pyramid, the world's man-made miracle one of the seven wonders of the world as the first. The tower of 146.5 meters high, as thousands of years of wind and rain erosion, is 138 meters high. Around the bottom edge of each 230 meters long, is 220 meters long. Cone-shaped building is on the slope of the four East, South, West, North Quartet, an inclination of 51 degrees 52 minutes. The original tower around the laying of an approximately one kilometer of the Limestone Road, the tower in the east and west sides still remains be found. The whole pyramid built on a huge rock on the convex, covering about 52,900 square meters, the volume of about 2.6 million cubic meters, is from about 2.3 million stones piled. Outer stones at about 115,000, an average of 2.5 tons per weight, the biggest one weighing about 16 tons, the total weight of all the stones to 6.848 million tons. Their location is east longitude 31 ° 07 'N 29 ° 58'.

Surprisingly, these stones are not of any adhesive, but a stone stacked directly on a stone in another, completely on its own weight spelled stones together, the surface of joints tight precision, with a thin blade Are not inserted into. The tower and the northwest corner of the south east corner of the high degree of error is only 1.27 cm. This was the recruitment of the 100,000 labor, which lasted around 30 was built.

Khufu's pyramid at the entrance of the North Tower 13th-grade wall from the ground about 20 meters high. Four huge stone at the entrance of a "people" shaped arches, Wang Li is more than 100-metre-long tunnel-like slope Direct tomb. Tomb of 10.43 meters, 5.21 meters wide and 5.82 meters high, and the vertical distance from the ground to 42.28 meters. Indoor only a deep brown polished marble sarcophagus, Guannei air-to-air, Guangai to an unknown destination. Tomb at the top of a five-story room, the highest level roof is the triangle, is to pressure above the weight evenly distributed on both sides. At the same time, there are masonry in the tomb stones in the ventilation Road. Great Pyramid of Khufu shape solemn, majestic, simple, stable, with the surrounding vast highlands, desert seamless, very harmonious. Its internal structure is complex and changeable, Jiangxinju, self-style, embodied the extraordinary wisdom. After the pyramids thousands of years of vicissitudes and earthquake Yaohan, not collapse, no deformation, the incredible display of the ancient high technology and superb architectural art. UNESCO therefore it as one of the world focused on the protection of cultural relics has become a symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.

The second pyramid at Giza, Kafu Le created the pyramid, the location of the center. It Luexiao than the Khufu pyramid, but its artistic style and precision engineering design, can match. But also because of its built on a higher ground of Taiwan, Pottinger looks as if the former is also magnificent. Tap the basement of 215.7 meters, 143.6 meters high, but also with the limestone and granite masonry. It remains a subsidiary of building a more complete spectacular, including a Stonehenge built two temples: the Temple and the Temple.

Bangladesh Caughley construction of the third at the southern tip of the pyramid, the smallest, but very delicate. The bottom edge of 108.7 meters long, 66.5 meters high. This three Giza pyramids have been stolen, the tomb of the treasure has basically lost, but they embody the ancient Egyptian people Luhuochunqing of engineering technology, every day, attracting thousands of tourists.

⑨ 埃及介绍英文版

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its estimated 77.4 million[1] live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely-populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. The southern city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artifacts, such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the Middle East.

Egypt possesses one of the most developed economies in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, instry and service at almost equal rates in national proction.[citation needed] Consequently, the Egyptian economy is rapidly developing, e in part to legislation aimed at luring investments, coupled with both internal and political stability, along with recent trade and market liberalization.

埃及，全称阿拉伯埃及共和国，是东北非洲人口最多的国家，面积为1,020,000平方公里，人口已超过8000万。埃及是世界文明古国之一。地理上该国地跨二洲即亚洲和非洲，西奈半岛位于西南亚（西亚），而该国大部分国土位于北非地区。伊斯兰教为国教，信徒主要为逊尼派，另外还有基督教与其他宗教；官方语言为阿拉伯语，通用英语和法语。

⑩ 介绍一下埃及如何用英文的。

Egypt
Flag of Egypt The Great Seal of the Republic

National anthem: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady

Official language Arabic
Other widely spoken languages English, French
Capital and Largest City Cairo
President Hosni Mubarak
Prime Minister Dr Ahmed Nazif
Area
- Total
- % water Ranked 29th
1,001,450 km²
0.6%
Population
- Total (2005)
- Density Ranked 15th
77,505,756
75/km²
Partial Independence
- Granted
-Total Independence from the UK
28 February 1922
18 June 1953
Currency Egyptian Pound (LE/£E/EGP)
Time zone
- in summer EET (UTC+2)
EEST (UTC+3)
National anthem Biladi, Biladi
Internet TLD .eg
Calling Code 20
The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Misr, or Masr in Egyptian dialect), kemet in Ancient Egyptian, is a republic predominantly in north-eastern Africa, together with the Sinai in southwest Asia.

Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the northeast and has coasts on the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, respectively.

Egypt is the second most populous country in Africa, and the vast majority of its 77 million population (2005) lives less than a kilometer away from the banks of the River Nile (about 40,000 km²), where the only arable agricultural land is found. Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. The majority of Egyptians today are urban, living in the great Arab population centers of greater Cairo, the largest city in Africa, and Alexandria.

Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most stunning ancient monuments, including the Giza Pyramids, the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts. Today, Egypt is widely regarded as the main political and cultural centre of the Arab and Middle Eastern regions.

Origin and history of the name
Misr, the Arabic and official name for modern Egypt, is of Semitic origin directly cognate with the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם Misráyim meaning "the two straits", and possibly means "a country" or "a state." The ancient name for the country, kemet, or "black land," is derived from the fertile black soils deposited by the Nile floods, distinct from the 'red land' (deshret) of the desert. This name became keme in a later stage of Coptic. The English name "Egypt" came via the Latin word Aegyptus derived from the ancient Greek word Αίγυπτος Aiguptos (see also List of traditional Greek place names), which in turn is derived from the ancient Egyptian phrase ḥwt-k3-ptḥ ("Hwt ka Ptah") meaning "home of the Ka (part of the soul) of Ptah," the name of a temple of the god Ptah at Memphis. For details see the article Copt.

History
Main article: History of Egypt

The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Menes, and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. (Judaism celebrates a holiday, Passover, which is based on, according to Jewish tradition, the freeing of ancient Hebrews from servitude under one of those kings, even though there is no definite archaeological evidence for such an event.) The last native dynasty, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, fell to the Persians in 341 BC who g the predecessor of the Suez canal and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Persians again.

It was the Muslim Arabs who introced Islam and the Arabic language in the seventh century changing Egypt into a linguistically "Arab" nation. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517.

Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub; however, the country also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.

Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. Between 1924-1936 there existed a short-lived attempt to model Egypt's constitutional government after the European style of government; known as Egypt's Liberal Experiment. In 1952 a popularly-supported military coup d'état forced King Farouk I, a constitutional monarch, to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II . Finally the Egyptian Republic was declared on 18 June 1953 with General Mohamed Naguib as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib resigned in 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952 Revolution, assumed power as President and nationalized the Suez Canal leading to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Nasser came out of the war an Arab hero, and Nasserism won widespread influence in the region. Between 1958 and 1961 Egypt and Syria formed a union known as the United Arab Republic. Three years after the 1967 Six Day War, in which Egypt lost the Sinai to Israel, Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat, who presented his takeover in terms of a Corrective Revolution. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and launched the Infitah economic reform, while violently clamping down on religious and secular opposition alike. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched a surprise attack on Israel in the October War,which despite not being a military success was by most accounts a political victory. Both the United States and the USSR intervened and a cease-fire was reached between Egypt and Israel. In 1979, Sadat made peace with Israel in exchange for the Sinai, a move which sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League (it was readmitted in 1989). Sadat was murdered by a religious fundamentalist in 1981, and succeeded by Hosni Mubarak.

The Pyramids of Giza are at the heart of Egypt's thriving tourism instry.[edit]
Politics
Main article: Politics of Egypt

Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since October 14, 1981, following the assassination of former President Anwar Sadat on October 6, 1981. Mubarak is currently serving his fourth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party. Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office.

The permanent headquarters for the League of Arab States is located in Cairo. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish peace with the State of Israel after the signing of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty after the Camp David Accords. Egypt also has a major influence on the other Arab states. Historically, Egypt has played the role of a mediator in resolving disputes of various Arab nations. Most Arab nations still use Egypt in that role.

Egypt supposedly operates under a multi-party semi-presidential system where the executive power is divided between the President and the Prime Minister. Egypt holds regular single-candidate presidential and multi-party parliamentary elections. The last presidential election was held in September 2005, in which Mubarak won again. However, after the September elections there has been expressed concern from international human rights observers concerning freedom of speech, government interference in local elections and vote-rigging.

In late February 2005, Mubarak announced on a surprise television broadcast that he has ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the coming election. For the first time in Egypt's history, the people will have a chance to elect their leader in a closely watched election. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." However, the new law places draconian restrictions on the filing of presidential candidacies designed to pave the road for Mubarak's easy re-election. As a result most Egyptians are sceptical about the process of democratisation and the role of elections.

[edit]
Governorates

Map of EgyptMain article: Governorates of Egypt

Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (Muhafazat; singular – Muhafazah):

Aswan
Asyut
al-Bahr al-Ahmar (Red Sea)
Bani Suwayf
al-Buhayrah
Bur Sa'id (Port Said)
ad-Daqahliyah
Dumyat (Damietta)
al-Fayyum
al-Gharbiyah
al-Iskandariyah (Alexandria)
al-Isma'iliyah
Janub Sina' (South Sinai)
al-Jizah (Giza)
Kafr ash Shaykh
Matruh
al-Minufiyah
al-Minya
al-Qahirah (Cairo)
al-Qalyubiyah
Qina
Shamal Sina' (North Sinai)
ash-Sharqiyah
Suhaj
as-Suways (Suez)
al-Wadi al-Jadid (New Valley)

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Egypt

Alexandria is Egypt's second largest city and chief port. Here is that city's state-of-the-art library
Egypt has a burgeoning youth population.
The Great Sphinx of Giza, with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background
Egypt's capital Cairo is one of the largest cities in Africa and the Middle East
Most Egyptians are Sunni Muslims
Over six million Egyptians follow the Christian faith as members of the Coptic Church
Egyptian countryside, south of Cairo. Every green plant is watered from the NileGeography, population, history, military strength, and diplomatic expertise give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East. Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural development.

The League of Arab States headquarters is in Cairo. The Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League.

Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.

Egypt is on good terms with all of its neighbours, and was the first Arab nation to make peace with Israel. It has a territorial dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle.

Economy
Main article: Economy of Egypt

Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than 5 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf area like UAE, and Europe. The United States as well has a large population of Egyptian immigrants.

The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society.

The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure, much financed from U.S. foreign aid (since 1979, an average of 2.2 billion dollars per year). Egypt is the third largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation e to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government, as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market.

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Egypt

Egypt is the most populous Arab country, at about 77,500,000 people. Nearly all the population is concentrated along the River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, and along the Nile Delta and near the Suez Canal. Approximately 90% of the population adheres to Islam and most of the remainder to Christianity (primarily the Coptic denomination).

The Egyptians are a fairly homogeneous people. The historic fussion of indigenous Egyptian (Mediterranean) and invading Arab elements predominates throughout much of the country, though in the south there is some Nubian admixture of northern Sudan. Many theories have been proposed on the origins of the Egyptians; however, none are conclusive, and the most widely accepted theory is that Egyptian society was the result of a mix of East African and Asiatic people who moved to the Nile Valley after the Ice Age. The bulk of Modern Egyptian society still maintains a homogenous genetic tie to the ancient Egyptian society which has always been regarded as rural and most populous compared to the neighboring demographics. The Egyptian people have spoken only languages from the Afro-Asiatic family (previously known as Hamito-Semitic) throughout their history starting with Old Egyptian, to modern Arabic.

Ethnic minorities include a small number of Bedouin Arab nomads in the Sinai and eastern and western deserts, as well as some Nubians clustered along the Nile in Upper (southern) Egypt who are estimated for about 0.8% of the population.

Geography
Main articles: Geography of Egypt

A great part of Egypt's landmass is desert.Towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig,Al-Minya.

Deserts: Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert

Oases include: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis.

Egypt borders on Libya on the west, on Sudan on the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: as a land bridge between Africa and Asia, and as a passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.

Culture
Main article: Culture of Egypt

Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. The Egyptian Academy of the Arabic Language is responsible for regulating the Arabic Language throughout the world.

Egypt also hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest Islamic institution for higher studies (founded around 970 CE) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. The head of Al-Azhar is traditionally regarded as the supreme leader of Sunni Muslims all over the world. Egypt also has a strong Christian heritage as evidenced by the existence of the Coptic Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which has a following of approximately 50 million Christians worldwide (one of the famous Coptic Orthodox Churches is Saint Takla Haimanot Church in Alexandria http://www.St-Takla.org).

Though considered a low-income country, Egypt has a thriving media and arts instry, with more than 30 satellite channels and more than 100 motion pictures proced each year. To bolster its media instry, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it has built a large media city that it has promoted as the "Hollywood of the East". Egypt is the only Arab country with an opera house.