乡村旅游p

1. 乡村旅游中生态环境破坏的例子

乡村旅游以具有乡村性的自然和人文客体为旅游吸引物，依托农村区域的优美景观、自然环境、建筑和文化等资源，在传统农村休闲游和农业体验游的基础上，拓展开发会务度假、休闲娱乐等项目的新兴旅游方式。 目前国内外学术界对乡村旅游还没有完全统一的定义，主要有以下观点： 西班牙学者Gilbert and Tung（1990）认为：乡村旅游（Rural tourism）就是农户为旅游者提供食宿等条件，使其在农场、牧场等典型的乡村环境中从事各种休闲活动的一种旅游形式。 世界经济合作与发展委员会（OECD，1994，P.15）定义为：在乡村开展的旅游，田园风味（rurality）是乡村旅游的中心和独特的卖点。 以色列的Arie Reichel与Oded Lowengart和美国的Ady Milman（1999）简明扼要的说：乡村旅游就是位于农村区域的旅游。具有农村区域的特牲，如旅游企业规模要小、区域要开阔和具有可持续发展性等特点。 英国的Bramwell and Lane （1994）认为：乡村旅游不仅是基于农业的旅游活动，而是一个多层面的旅游活动，它除了包括基于农业的假日旅游外，还包括特殊兴趣的自然旅游，生态旅游，在假日步行、登山和骑马等活动，探险、运动和健康旅游，打猎和钓鱼，教育性的旅游，文化与传统旅游，以及一些区域的民俗旅游活动。 国内有关乡村旅游的定义较多，何景明和李立华认为狭义的乡村旅游是指在乡村地区，以具有乡村性的自然和人文客体为旅游吸引物的旅游活动。乡村旅游的概念包含了两个方面：一是发生在乡村地区，二是以乡村性作为旅游吸引物，二者缺一不可。

2. 乡村旅游的简介

西班牙学者Rosa Marý´a Yagu¨e Perales（2001）将乡村旅游分为传统乡村旅游（Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism）和现代乡村旅游（Modern Rural Tourism）两种。
传统的乡村旅游出现在工业革命以后，主要源于一些来自农村的城市居民以“回老家”度假的形式出现。虽然传统的乡村旅游对当地会产生一些有价值的经济影响，并增加了城乡交流机会，但它与现代乡村旅游有很大的区别，主要体现在：传统乡村旅游活动主要在假日进行；没有有效地促进当地经济的发展；没有给当地增加就业机会和改善当地的金融环境。实际上，传统的乡村旅游在世界发达国家和发展中国家都广泛存在，在中国常常把这种传统的乡村旅游归类于探亲旅游。
现代乡村旅游是在20世纪80年代出现在农村区域的一种新型的旅游模式，尤其是在20世纪90年代以后发展迅速，旅游者的旅游动机明显区别于回老家的传统旅游者。现代乡村旅游的特征主要表现为：旅游的时间不仅仅局限于假期；现代乡村旅游者充分利用农村区域的优美景观、自然环境和建筑、文化等资源；现代乡村旅游对农村经济的贡献不仅仅表现在给当地增加了财政收入，还表现在给当地创造了就业机会，同时还给当地衰弱的传统经济注入了新的活力
现代乡村旅游对农村的经济发展有积极的推动作用，随着具有现代人特色旅游者迅速增加，现代乡村旅游已成为发展农村经济的有效手段。因此非常有必要分清这种“回老家”的旅游或者传统的乡村旅游与现代乡村旅游的区别。我们谈论的乡村旅游是指现代乡村旅游 乡村旅游以具有乡村性的自然和人文客体为旅游吸引物，依托农村区域的优美景观、自然环境、建筑和文化等资源，在传统农村休闲游和农业体验游的基础上，拓展开发会务度假、休闲娱乐等项目的新兴旅游方式。
国内外学术界对乡村旅游还没有完全统一的定义，主要有以下观点：
西班牙学者Gilbert and Tung（1990）认为：乡村旅游（Rural tourism）就是农户为旅游者提供食宿等条件，使其在农场、牧场等典型的乡村环境中从事各种休闲活动的一种旅游形式。
世界经济合作与发展委员会（OECD，1994，P.15）定义为：在乡村开展的旅游，田园风味（rurality）是乡村旅游的中心和独特的卖点
以色列的Arie Reichel与Oded Lowengart和美国的Ady Milman（1999）简明扼要的说：乡村旅游就是位于农村区域的旅游。具有农村区域的特牲，如旅游企业规模要小、区域要开阔和具有可持续发展性等特点。
英国的Bramwell and Lane （1994）认为：乡村旅游不仅是基于农业的旅游活动，而是一个多层面的旅游活动，它除了包括基于农业的假日旅游外，还包括特殊兴趣的自然旅游，生态旅游，在假日步行、登山和骑马等活动，探险、运动和健康旅游，打猎和钓鱼，教育性的旅游，文化与传统旅游，以及一些区域的民俗旅游活动。
国内有关乡村旅游的定义较多，何景明和李立华认为狭义的乡村旅游是指在乡村地区，以具有乡村性的自然和人文客体为旅游吸引物的旅游活动。乡村旅游的概念包含了两个方面：一是发生在乡村地区，二是以乡村性作为旅游吸引物，二者缺一不可。

3. 求关于乡村旅游的外文和翻译一篇

用翻译工具帮你做了一篇
Rural tourism is to some rural villages to understand the people, customs and etiquette, etc.
There are some villages at the time of planting procts (rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, etc.), fruit trees, streams, small bridges viewing and their understanding of the story
Tourists in the countryside (usually in remote areas of the traditional village) and nearby to stay, learn and experience the rural lifestyle activities. The village can also be as a tourist base to explore the surrounding areas
First, an overview of rural tourism
1. The origin of rural tourism
Spain scholars Rosa Marý'a Yagu ¨ e Perales (2001) will be divided into the traditional rural tourism rural tourism (Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism) and modern rural tourism (Modern Rural Tourism) two.
Traditional rural tourism in the instrial revolution, mainly e to a number of urban residents from rural areas in order to "go home" in the form of vacation. Although the traditional rural tourism will have on the local economic impact of some valuable, and to increase opportunities for exchanges among the urban and rural areas, but it and the modern rural tourism there was a great difference mainly reflected in: the traditional rural tourism activities are mainly carried out ring the holidays; not effective in promoting local economic development; not to increase local employment opportunities and improve the financial environment. In fact, the traditional rural tourism in many parts of the world developed and developing countries are widespread in China, this tradition often classified as rural tourism travel to visit relatives.
Tourism is a modern village in the 20th century, the 80's in the rural areas a new type of tourism, especially in the 90's after the 20th century, the rapid development of tourism tourists obvious motive from the traditional tourists go home. The characteristics of modern rural tourism mainly as follows: time travel is not limited to holidays; modern rural tourists take full advantage of the beautiful landscape of rural areas, the natural environment and architecture, and cultural resources; modern rural tourism's contribution to the rural economy is not only the performance of increase in local revenue, but also in creating local employment opportunities, but also the tradition of local economic weakness has injected new vitality.
Modern village of tourism on economic development in rural areas have a positive role in promoting, with the characteristics of modern people with the rapid increase of tourists, the modern development of rural tourism has become an effective means of the rural economy. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish this kind of "go home" of the tourism or rural tourism traditional and modern distinction between rural tourism. At present, we are talking about refers to the modern rural tourism rural tourism.
2. The definition of rural tourism
Academic circles both at home and abroad on the rural tourism has not completely uniform definition of the following views:
Spain scholar Gilbert and Tung (1990) that: Rural Tourism (Rural tourism) is the farmers to provide accommodation for tourists and other conditions, to the farm, ranch, such as a typical rural environment, a variety of leisure activities to engage in a form of tourism.
World Commission for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1994, P.15) is defined as: carried out in rural tourism, rural-style (rurality) is the center of rural tourism and the unique selling point.
Arie Reichel and Israel Oded Lowengart and the United States Ady Milman (1999) that clear and concise: rural tourism region is located in rural tourism. Rural areas with special offerings, such as small-scale tourism enterprises, regional to open and the characteristics of sustainable development.
British Bramwell and Lane (1994) that: rural tourism is not only the agriculture-based tourism activities, but more than one level of tourism activities, which in addition to agriculture-based holiday tourism, but also include special interest in nature-based tourism, ecotourism, walk ring the holidays, mountain climbing and horse riding and other activities, adventure, sports and health tourism, hunting and angling, ecational travel, cultural and traditional tourism, as well as some regional folk tourism.
The relevant definition of rural tourism more, Li-Hua Li Jing-ming and the narrow sense that refers to rural tourism in rural areas, in a rural natural and cultural objects for the tourist attraction of tourism. The concept of rural tourism includes two aspects: first, took place in rural areas, the village is as a tourist attraction of the two are indispensable.
Second, analysis of rural tourism development
1. Status of the development of rural tourism
Since the 70's since the 19th century, rural tourism in rural areas in developed countries has grown rapidly. This is the promotion of the economic downturn, the development of rural areas has played a very important role (Blaine and Golan 1993; Dernoi 1991). Rural tourism to the local economy and the significance has been fully proved (Fleischer & Pizam, 1997; Page & Getz, 1997; OECD, 1994). In many countries, rural tourism is considered to be a recession and to prevent the increase of agricultural income in rural areas an effective means (Arie Reichel, Oded Lowengart, Ady Milman, 1998).
The development of rural tourism development in the world very quickly, in 2001, more than 10,000 villages in the Italian tourism enterprises received a total of 2,100 million visitors, turnover of 900 billion liras (about 430 million U.S. dollars), compared to 2000 an increase of 12.5% (Xinhuanet, 2001.12.30). In the United States has 30 states for a clear policy on the tourism instry in rural areas, 14 of which states the overall development of tourism in their planning includes rural tourism (Luloff et al, 1994). In Israel, the development of rural tourism as a revenue decline in the rural areas as an effective complement the increase in the number of rural tourism enterprises (Fleischer & Pizam, 1997). At the same time, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the former Eastern Europe and the Pacific region, including in many countries are of the view that the tourism instry in rural areas, rural economic development and the driving force for economic diversification (Hall, & Jenkins, 1998).
United Kingdom Richard Sharpley (2001) that the rural tourism enterprises are facing major challenges: lack of support; the lack of training; tourism facilities and the lack of attraction; short season obviously, the utilization rate is not high; marketing aspects inefficient.
In the late 20th century, Spain, through its nearly 20-year study of rural tourism concluding that the modern rural tourism is very concive to promoting the development of rural areas of Spain, in Spain and more modern village at the age of tourists between the ages of 25-45 for the community high level of ecation, strong purchasing power of urban residents, rural activities on the enjoyment of them adopt a positive attitude, the main rural tourism activities, including sports, and agriculture-related areas such as labor and tourism, rural tourists, these modern multi-use of existing facilities, including The village is full of vigor and the farmhouse and other small hotels (Bardo'n1987, 1990; Bote 1987,1988; Candela 1992; Fuentes 1995).
China's rural tourism development around the major tourist and leisure agriculture mainly agricultural, are currently being marketed to tourism, study, learning, participation, recreation, leisure, vacation, and entertainment for the whole integrated development in which the participation rate of domestic tourists and the relatively high migration rate of rural tourism projects on a "living farm house, eating rice farming, dry farming of living, enjoy the music farm" for customs the content of tourism; to harvest a variety of farm procts as the main contents of the picking of tourism and agriculture to traditional folk festivals for the content of the rural areas, tourism and other festivals.

4. 乡村旅游之我见

赣菜味型之我见
2006-9-1 www.elong.com
一个菜系，代表一个地方的风味特色，一个地方风味，代表当地人们的饮食口味。

中国地大物博，各地气候和人们饮食习惯不尽相同，各省区人们都有其特殊的口味偏爱和要求，如山东、东北多喜咸，江苏、浙江多喜甜，山西、陕西多喜酸，四川、湖南多喜辣，正所谓：一方水土养一方人。同时，这些饮食口味的偏爱是形成地方风味特色的根本原因。

江西简称赣，江西菜又称赣菜。它的形成有其社会、经济、文化、物产资源各方面因素，气候环境、饮食习俗更是其主要因素。江西，位于长江中下游南岸，四季气候为春多梅雨、夏炎热、秋干燥、冬潮冷。山区地带更为湿润，由于特殊的环境气候所致，江西人的饮食习惯中也是多喜香辣和偏爱咸鲜，口味注重浓郁，菜肴形成的特色颇具鲜明。 赣菜菜品品种多样，赣菜调味丰富多采。它的调味和其它地方菜肴一样，也是充分利用当地调味用料，在菜肴烹制过程中，巧妙配合，使不同的调料相互扩散，相互渗透，并融为一体，产生滋味。同时，利用各种调味料的特殊成分及其相互作用，加以调和，达到清除异味，突出正味，丰富口味的效果。同时赣菜也不忽视加热中和加热前、加热后的辅助调味、补充调味，基本做到口味定标准，投料按比例，投料时间恰到好处，投料次序分明适当。赣菜的调味有其自身的内在规律，又有其调味的基本格局，产生的赣菜味型独具特色。 赣菜的菜品味型较多，称得上多姿多采，其大致可划分为原汁原味型，复合味型和特殊味型三大类，其中尤以三杯味、家乡味、多味、姜茶味、桔香味最为突出。

原汁原味型中的三杯味

赣菜的不少菜肴属原汁原味型，它是赣菜菜肴的一大主要特色。即通过原料自身的鲜味相互渗透的烹调方法，辅以适当的调味料来突出主料本味的一种味型。三杯味型的调和是以一杯烹猪油，一杯甜米酒，一杯鲜酱油为调味料（一杯的定量标准视热菜原料质的老嫩而定，原则上75克一杯为度）。江西菜"三杯鸡"就是其典型的代表，它选用万载三黄子鸡，剁块后直接盛入砂钵内用炭火炉焖制，使鸡肉中的蛋白质和脂肪充分溶解于汤汁之中，调味料中只需投放酱油、猪油、米酒各一杯，以达到除去腥味，突出鲜味，增加滋味的目的，从而使主料的香鲜味得到充分的体现。采用三杯调料进行调味和炭火炉焖制出来的"三杯鸡"色泽红亮，鸡肉香鲜骨酥，汁稠味浓、原汁原味，风味独特。此外，赣菜中采用三杯调味烹制和以三杯命名的系列菜品尚有不少，如"三杯脚鱼"、"三杯乳狗"、"三杯石鸡"、"三杯肫肝"等。它们均属于原汁原味型的传统三杯味菜肴，其共同的特点是香鲜酥烂，汁稠味浓，原汁原味。 复合味型中的家乡味

由于江西气候环境的湿润，人们依靠食物进行补充人体的不适，以达到正常的生理平衡，形成的饮食习俗和口味偏爱是顺理成章的，因而赣菜中的偏香辣，重咸鲜，喜浓醇的菜品屡见不鲜，特别是家喻户晓的家乡味型，民间均广为流传。

家乡味：它是选用鲜蒜头、干红椒、葡萄豆豉、精盐、料酒、酱油等调味料进行综合调和形成的一种复合味，其中豆豉为不可缺少的调料，以突出它的家乡风味。豆豉中，含有人体多种不可缺少的氨基酸，咸甜兼备，醇厚鲜美。制作家乡菜肴时，以精盐渗透，豆豉增香，干椒提味，用量上以达到咸辣浓醇为度，突出家乡味的特色，此味豉香浓厚，咸鲜香辣，四季皆宜。赣菜中?quot;家乡肉"是其代表菜品之一。取猪瘦肉刀片，加笋片、青蒜、生姜、干红椒、豆豉一起旺火煸炒出香味后，加精盐、料酒、酱油一起焖制而成。赣菜中家乡口味菜品的"家乡鱼"、"家乡豆腐"、"家乡鸡"、"家乡牛肉"等都具有咸鲜兼辣、豉香味浓的共同特点。

特殊味型中的多味、姜茶味和桔香味

赣菜菜品中，味型丰富多采，尤其是通过传统赣菜发展产生出来的新品菜式和形式的新型口味菜肴，构成了由多种各具芳香的调味原料配比、融合、形成的新复合味型，它们都具有开胃、健脾、助消化吸收等多种保健功效。因而，赣菜中视这些味型为特殊味型。其中最具代表的是多味、姜茶味和桔香味。

多味：多味的产生是由精盐、酱油、白糖、黄酒、红酒、味精、胡椒粉、五香粉、姜末、蒜末、红椒粉调合而成。它具有咸、甜、辣、香、鲜等味感，别具一格。这些调味品的相互配合，相辅相成，复合后，使菜肴在食用中同时能感觉到多种的滋味。"烤多味肉串"就是新派赣菜中的多味菜代表，它选用前夹猪肉切厚片，经上述调味料拌匀腌渍，铁钎串好入烤箱，烤至金黄成菜。其特点是外香肉嫩，一菜多味。赣菜中采用鸡、鸭、鱼、肉，炸、溜、爆、炒烹制出来的多味菜品均深受广大食客欢迎。

姜茶味：取老姜去皮切碎，与浓茶叶、精盐、味精、香葱、香油调和而成。其味清鲜淡雅、略显苦涩、又隐苦香、菜品爽口，在调味中，以精盐定味，重用姜茶汁，突出姜茶香味，味精增鲜，香油衬托姜茶的浓郁香味。生姜中富含醇、姜烯、姜酮等诸多物质，它具有驱寒、发汗、解毒等功效。茶叶含芳香油、茶碱、鞣质和少量维生素等物质，药用功能可解泻、提神、消食利尿。赣菜中采用姜茶味调味的"姜茶鸭子"就是典型的菜例。"姜茶鸭子"取姜茶汁与调味料一起烧焖而成，其味清淡，甘香、辛辣、鲜嫩、饶有风味。以此推演出来的姜茶系列菜品有动物性、植物性多种原料，烹调方法也以炒、溜、烧、焖、蒸皆宜。由此创新调制的系列姜茶味菜肴?quot;姜茶虾仁"、"姜茶桂鱼"、"姜茶鸽子"、"姜茶豆腐"等美味佳肴，它在赣菜中显得别具一格，并赢得消费者青睐。

桔香味：赣菜发展中产生的又一种新型口味。它是利用鲜桔汁，鲜桔皮、干桔皮的特有芳香气味烹制菜肴，以达到去腥除膻的作用，即调和菜肴的滋味，又增香添色。桔香味的产生，它是以皮薄肉甜的南丰蜜桔皮、桔肉汁、精盐、白糖、料酒、葱、姜调和而成的，其特点是菜肴桔香味浓，具有一定的药用功效。鲜桔肉富含糖、核黄素、尼克酸、胡萝卜素等，还含有维生素P，桔皮含有大量的维生素C和香油精，它们具有理气、化痰、健胃、降血压等作用，还能促进维生素C的吸收。桔香味调味的菜品在赣菜中也有多款，诸如"桔香狗肉"、"桔汁鱼"、"金桔粉蒸肠"、"桔皮鸡丝"、"桔味虾"等，均是利用鲜桔皮切丝去涩与执菜原料爆炒，桔汁鲜甜与调味料调和对汁烹制热菜，去肉整桔皮装菜肴作盛器取其香味作菜，特色新颖、风味别致。赣菜中调味的独到之处，味型的独特风格，丰富了赣菜的品种，增添了赣菜的花式。

进入现代餐饮消费市场后，烹饪行业发展迅猛，伴随着全国众多的风味菜点进一步在各地的交流、荟串、融合。赣菜也处在不断的探索、创新、发展之中、力求调味的技法、技巧和新型口味的赣菜不断开发，在注重不失传统特色的基础上，一改过去菜肴口味的偏咸、多油、重色、重芡的格局，正朝着符合现代餐饮消费领域、适合当地人们饮食习惯、适应各消费群体的口味要求发展。如果说烹饪是艺术，那么烹制菜肴的调和滋味则是艺术中的精髓。用江西烹饪原料结合新工艺，取新型调味用料，大胆、创新、改良制作的诸多新味型特色菜品，是现今赣菜的一大突破，如：用水发刺参作主料的"龙马精神"、鸡脚筋烹制的"酱炒凤筋"、庐山石鸡蒸制的"荷香石鸡"以及"爽爆鸡心球"、"红焖地虎"、"美极鸭咀"、"豉油蒸鳙鱼头"、"XO酱炒米粉"等，炸、溜、爆、炒、蒸、烧、焖的创新菜式都具有制作新颖、以味为重的特点，并形成了当地调料与外埠调料互相作用的新型复合味菜式，尤其是一些独特口味和特殊菜肴调味酱汁的综合运用，使之赣菜口味更为丰富。这些新味型菜式，业内人士称之为"迷宗新味型"，其菜式色、香、味、形在创意、风格上均得到一种品味的升华，格调的提高，使之赣菜呈现出颇具新潮的风貌。

赣菜要步入全国性主菜系，必须要将传统特色与新派风格有机结合，要使赣菜系统的完善，要形成新风味特色的整体，尚须作出不懈的努力和提高，相信，不久的将来，在赣菜厨师的共同努力追求下，定能将赣菜发扬光大，并挤身于全国知名地方菜系的行列之中。

著名菜点有：三杯子鸡、香质肉、冬笋干烧肉、黎毫炒腊肉、原笼船板肉、石鱼炒蛋、沼阳鱼片、炸石鸡、兴国豆腐、米粉牛肉、金钱吊葫芦、信丰萝卜饺、樟树包面、黄元米果等。