欧洲旅游业的发展英文论文
㈠ 旅游英语论文的所有题目，越多越好
随着旅游业的发展,在有些国家或地区旅游业甚至成为经济收入最大的支柱产业.旅游是经济、社会、文化等现象的综合反映，这一特性决定了旅游的发展必然给旅游地带来经济，环境，社会等一系列积极的影响。
发展旅游业,还能增长当地的就业机会,使更多的人有业可从,解决了社会中就业的一大难题,降低社会制安事件的发生频率.同时, 各地游客的进入, 增长了当地居民和外地人的接触和交往, 促进了相互间的文化交流, 扩大了视野, 提高了文化素养.发展国内旅游业还可以促进其他产业的发展.旅游业的发展能刺激旅游者的消费，从而可以形成和扩大新的消费市场。
旅游对经济环境的有利影响是最为显著的,旅游业和其他产业相比,是一个投资少,见效快,无污染<相对污染工业而言>的产业,同时,旅游业还能带动其他产业的发展,这就使旅游业对于该地区国民经济收入具有重大的意义.
旅游业对生态环境也有明显的有利影响.随着旅游业的日益发展,不断地开发旅游资源,其中有不少旅游资源原来就存在一些生态问题,,在旅游资源开发中,便可采取旅游生态建设和污染治理的措施,使开发出来的旅游资源比原来的生态环境质量更高,即旅游开发美化了生态环境.旅游业还能保持生态环境.旅游资源开发出来进入利用阶段,若能科学地管理,能使当地生态环境进入良性循环.
发展国内旅游业对于激发人民的爱国主义热情，增进人们的身体健康，提高生活质量具有较大的作用。旅游者游览祖国锦绣山河和名胜古迹，对其开阔眼界，陶冶情操，扩大信息交流，增强身心健康都有积极的作用。尤其是在青少年中开展爱国主义教育，国内旅游发挥的作用更为明显。再次，发展内旅游还可以促进思想观念的更新，从而提高人民的素质。国内旅游发展所形成的游客流是信息流、观念流的载体。这些信息、观念、思维、生活方式的传播，可以起着打破当地封闭保守思想、引发思维观念更新的作用。强化人们之间的思想文化交流，更新思想观念，其意义比因发展旅游所获得的经济效益要深远得多。国内旅游业无论对于社会主义物质文明还是精神文明建设都有十分重要的促进作用。因此，发展国内旅游业应当引起社会各界特别是旅游界的充分重视。
当然，有好处就会有坏处。在旅游食宿措施的建设过程中，水、电及其他能源供应的絮乱，费水、废气、垃圾的处理不及时等都可能对生态环境形成污染。在经济利益的驱使下，不少旅游地超负荷接待游客，或乱建滥造旅游措施，而使得一些有珍贵历史文化价值的古迹或独特、协调的自然、人文景观遭受破坏
新手，没分，不好意思。。。。愿意的帮一下，谢谢
旅游区的旅游气氛环境是由当地的自然环境，以及反映当地历史、地方或民族气息的环境烘托出来的，这其中，当地的环境和文化以及历史起了很大的作用。游客在欣赏大自然美景中，也要注意遵守社会公德。游客自身也是风景的组成部分，不文明的行为举止不仅会玷污美丽的风景，也会破坏他人游览时的心情。和谐是大家共同的心声，为了让人人都能尽其游兴，每一名游客都不能放纵自己，应多一份谦让，多一份风度，营造一个彼此友善、相互谦让的良好旅游氛围。
With the development of tourism in some countries or regions or even become a tourism income of the largest pillar instry. Tourism is the economic, social and cultural phenomena, such as a comprehensive reflection of this decision features of the development of tourism is bound to bring tourism to the economy , The environment, a series of positive social impact.
The development of tourism, but also increase local employment opportunities so that more people from the instry has to address the social employment in one of the major problems and rece the social security system, the frequency of incidents. At the same time, all over the tourists to enter, an increase of Local residents and outside contacts and exchanges to promote mutual cultural exchanges and expand the vision to improve the culture. The development of domestic tourism can promote the development of other instries. Development of the tourism instry can stimulate the growth of tourist spending, Thus the formation of a new and expanding consumer market.
Tourism on the beneficial effects of the economic environment is the most significant, tourism and other instries, the investment is a small, effective, non-polluting <relative instrial pollution is concerned> the instry, at the same time, tourism can promote other instries Development, which makes the region for tourism revenue of the national economy is of great significance.
Eco-tourism on the environment is a clear positive impact. With the increasing development of the tourism instry, continuous development of tourism resources, tourism resources, many of which are original to the existence of a number of ecological problems in the development of tourism resources, can take eco-tourism And the construction of pollution control measures developed to make tourism resources than the original ecological environment quality, that is, the development of the tourism landscape of the ecological environment. Tourism instry can maintain the ecological environment. Tourism resources developed into the use of the stage, if scientifically Management, will enable the local ecological environment and to enter a virtuous circle.
The development of domestic tourism to stimulate people's patriotic enthusiasm, to promote people's health, improve the quality of life has a larger role. Tourists to visit the motherland's mountains and rivers and beautiful scenic spots and monuments in their eyes open, mold, and expand the exchange of information and enhance the physical and mental health have an active role. Especially in the young people to carry out patriotic ecation, the role of domestic tourism is even more apparent. Third, the development of tourism can promote the ideas of the update to improve the quality of the people. The development of domestic tourism by the formation of the flow of tourists is the flow of information, ideas flow vector. This information, concepts, ideas and the dissemination of the way of life, can play a conservative style of thinking to break the local and trigger mind-set of thinking. To strengthen the ideological and cultural exchanges between people, ideas and update of its significance than the development of tourism as a result of the economic benefits of access to much more far-reaching. No matter for the domestic tourism instry of the socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization construction, or have a very important role in the promotion. As a result, the development of domestic tourism instry should lead the local community in particular is full of great importance to the tourism instry.
Of course, there will be good for the pros. Tourist accommodation in the building measures, such as water, electricity and other energy supplies Xu chaos, cost of water, waste gas, waste and so in a timely manner to deal with possible pollution of the environment to form. Driven by economic interests, many tourists travel to overload, or making travel chaos over-building measures, and there are some valuable historical and cultural values or unique heritage, the coordination of natural and cultural landscape damage
Novice, no, sorry. . . . The willingness to help us, thank you
Tourism travel environment is an atmosphere of the local natural environment, as well as to reflect local history, local or national environmental flavor contrast from which the local environment and culture, and history played an important role. Visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature, should also pay attention to abide by social morality. Their visitors are also an integral part of the scenery, and uncivilized behavior will not only tarnish the beauty of the scenery, will undermine the feelings of others when they visit. Harmony is our common aspiration for people who can make the best travel-hing, every visitor can inlge themselves, should be a more humility, more than a grace and one another to create a friendly, mutual humility of a good tourist atmosphere.
㈡ 求：旅游业品牌发展战略的英文资料
First, the development of the tourism brand strategy
Brand-driven business is tourism enterprises to truly realize the value of the assets, brand strategy is a scientific management system. Mainly includes the following components:
1, for the correct positioning of the tourism market
This is a city or region of the core values of tourism image. To build a city or regional tourism image of the tourist center of the issue of brand building, which requires integration of the tourism image of factors, a comprehensive tourism information to the image displayed, showing the face of tourism consumers, so that the target audience of urban or tourist areas have a clear the impression that stimulate their awareness, the desire to participate.
2, shaping the meaning of brand
Fifty years ago, the value of tourism enterprises by nearly 80% of tangible assets such as plant, equipment and inventory and so on. Today, tourism enterprises for nearly 50% of the value of a decision by the intangible assets. These usually do not directly appear in the accounts, the relatively difficult measurement. However, these assets, the most important is the brand of tourism enterprises.
Shape the quality and content of the brand, improve customer loyalty is one of many tourist enterprises trends. Food and beverage market in order to break through the existing business model of the "bottleneck" and change consumer hotel "luxurious style, but very expensive business deserted" the view of the Xiamen Jinyan Hotel in the food and beverage operations, bold innovation, and make full use of Xiamen Airlines Hotel , Quanzhou Aviation Hotel, Wuyishan Zhuang restaurant chain advantages of centralized purchasing, and Xiamen, through 23 large-scale fishing vessels to establish cooperation alliances, as well as rely on the Xiamen Airlines flight advantages, expand the vision of the procurement as well as outside the country, as far as possible, rece the food and beverage procurement cost and establish a high-end hotel concept of the civilian population of the consumer. In ensuring high-quality food under the premise of the hotel continue to introce new dishes to meet the needs of people of different levels of consumer demand, a growing business is booming, catering turnover ranking the top hotels in Xiamen. At this point, that is often said the "soft power." For "soft power" the more adequate understanding of the "soft power" a higher level of attention, a city or region's tourism procts and services will be needed for people. Brand can be said is a "soft power" of the Dacheng, is "soft power" as an important performance. Today, tourism is not the consumer robots, they have not just simply take out travel procts, but in the choice of a concept and attitudes.
3, based on the quality of system management, brand management standardization, and scientific proceres.
At present, China has introced a number of tourism enterprises ISO9000 international standards, established a quality management system, and some also adopted the ISO9000 quality system certification, so that scientific brand management, and international standards. China is already 28 to implement the World Heritage ISO14000 international environmental management standards, and six have been through this environmental management system. However, it should be emphasized that the introction of ISO9000 international standards, it is only for tourism enterprises to create the conditions to participate in international competition, but by no means a magic weapon for the formation of a competitive advantage. Quality management system can be copied, but the concept of brand can not be copied, can not be copied, only the concept of tourism enterprises in order to truly create a competitive advantage.
4, through the network operations, to achieve brand expansion.
Tourism businesses are tourism services are intangible procts, the proction process is the consumption process, visitors can not purchase procts that immediately come into contact with. Relative brand instrial procts, it is soft, and the need for consumers to enjoy services in the course of feelings. Therefore, a travel agency or hotel can attract more tourists, but also to visitors to its brand influence. Moreover, the tourism proct of its proction and consumption at the same time, the decision to promote the tourism brand can not be like any other brand of instrial enterprises, through the flow of procts to achieve, and only by consumers - to achieve the flow of tourists, thus for tourism enterprises, network operators must pass in order to achieve an effective expansion of the brand.
Second, brands with the future development of tourism
Brand and the future of tourism showed the following characteristics:
First, is the only way to participate in international competition.
Spain Tourist Office in China on behalf of Arthur罗克拉韦尔said: "Europe's' China fever 'is an indisputable fact, many travel agencies in Spain, said the Chinese tour groups to the sale of bread to sell as fast as like. "However, the desire for quick profits brought about by a number of issues, such as an increase in theft cases, travel agencies, agreed to randomly change the lines, attack on the tourists sit idly by and so on, have begun to appear. Chinese tourists to travel on the local travel agents complained repeatedly, some smaller travel agencies in order to earn quick money disregard the interests of home visitors, tourists and tour guides resulting contradictions and conflicts between. These discordant phenomenon that in a competitive era of economic globalization, the need to create an international brand, it will help tourism enterprises in international markets surging in the right navigation, on the other side towards success.
Secondly, the established market position, create a number of travel brands and rece the impact of market competition.
To develop tourism enterprises in international markets should only have a global brand, from the surface, the answer is obvious, it should be in the affirmative. How to build a global brand in China this? Shanghai Ogilvy & Mather advertising Zhang, senior planning officer said: "Brand advertising is not the only means of establishing a strong brand can bring to consumers the memory of a moment, while the value of this memory is impossible to measure, more and more enterprises will be the focus of attention is the quality of clients rather than the number of customers. "
Over the years, Guangxi, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huangshan, Wuyishan scenic tourist city and so have introced a wide range of tourism procts, to create their own brand of tourism. Northwest Yunnan in China, there is a with the United States comparable to the Grand Canyon of the East Grand Canyon - Grand Canyon River. Nu Autonomous County of Gongshan Dulong territory and give full play to advantages of resources to the organic integration of tourism and culture, want to create "Three-River Pearl," "River Grand Canyon" world-class tourism brand. In 2006, announced to build the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to possession of Princess Wencheng legend, the myth of the Kunlun Mountains, Tea Horse Road, the theme of anecdotes唐蕃古道"Seven brand" the project. Fujian also focus on creating Gulangyu music culture, political culture vessel Fuzhou, Wuyishan World Heritage, Putian Meizhou Mazu belief, Quanzhou Maritime Silk Road, Zhangzhou Tianfu Tea, seven土楼Yongding tourism brand.
Third, the franchise brand and the close combination of the search for "famous brand" shock effect.
China Franchise Association Franchising is defined as "the concession will be of its own trademarks, trade names, procts, patents and proprietary technology, business model, such as in accordance with the terms of the contract, the franchisor under a unified business model to engage in business activities to pay the appropriate license fee. "This franchise is characterized, it will a unique commodity, trade marks, patents and business model a set of combination of complex intellectual property rights.
一、旅游品牌的发展战略
品牌驱动经营，是旅游企业资产价值的真正体现，品牌战略是科学的管理系统。主要包括以下环节：
1、进行正确的旅游市场定位
此乃一个城市或者地区旅游形象的核心价值。构筑城市或者地区旅游形象，是旅游品牌建设的中心问题，它要求整合旅游形象因子，将旅游形象信息综合地表现出来，呈现在旅游消费者面前，使目标受众对城市或者地区旅游产生清晰、明确的印象，激发其感知、参与的欲望。
2、塑造品牌的内涵
五十年前，旅游企业价值的将近80%由有形资产，如厂房、设备和存货等组成。如今，旅游企业价值的将近50%由无形资产决定。这些内容通常不会直接显示在账目上，相对难以测算。但是，这些资产中，最重要的一项就是旅游企业的品牌。
塑造品牌的品质和内涵，提高客户的忠诚度，是许多旅游企业的一个发展趋势。为了突破餐饮市场原有经营模式的“瓶颈”，转变消费者对酒店“豪华气派，但价格昂贵，生意冷清”的看法，厦门金雁酒店在餐饮经营中，大胆创新，充分利用与厦门航空宾馆、泉州航空酒店、武夷山庄连锁餐饮集中采购的优势，通过与厦门23艘大型捕捞船建立合作联盟，以及依托厦门航空公司的航班优势，把采购的视野扩大到全国乃至境外，尽可能降低餐饮采购成本价格，树立高档酒店平民化消费的理念。在确保菜肴高品质的前提下，酒店不断推出新菜式，满足不同消费层次的人的需求，生意日益红火，餐饮营业额排名厦门市各酒店榜首。在这一点上，即是人们常说的“软实力”。对于“软实力”的认知越充分，对“软实力”的重视程度越高，一个城市或者地区的旅游产品和服务就越能够为人们所需要。品牌可以说是集“软实力”之大成，是“软实力”的一个重要表现。如今，旅游消费者并非机器人，他们已不仅仅只是简单地购买旅游产品，而是在选择一种观念和态度。
3、依托质量体系管理，使品牌管理规范化、程序化和科学化。
目前，我国许多旅游企业引进了ISO9000国际标准，建立了质量管理体系，有的还通过了ISO9000质量体系认证，使品牌管理科学化，与国际标准接轨。我国正已28处世界遗产地推行ISO14000国际环境管理标准，并且已有6处通过这一环境管理体系。但必须强调的是，引进ISO9000国际标准，它只是为旅游企业参与国际竞争创造条件，但绝不是形成竞争优势的法宝。质量管理体系皆可复制，惟有品牌的理念不可复制，只有无法复制的理念才能真正为旅游企业创造竞争优势。
4、通过网络化经营，实现品牌扩张。
旅游企业提供的产品是旅游服务，是无形商品，产品的生产过程也就是消费过程，游客对所购买的产品无法马上接触到。相对工业产品的品牌而言，它是软性的，需要消费者在享受服务的过程中感受的。因此，一家旅行社或者酒店能否吸引到更多客源，也在于其品牌对游客的影响力。不仅如此，旅游产品其生产和消费的同时性，决定了旅游品牌的推广无法像其他工业企业的品牌那样，通过产品的流动来实现，而只能通过消费者——游客的流动来实现，因而对于旅游企业而言，必须通过网络化经营，才能实现品牌的有效扩张。
二、品牌与旅游的未来发展
品牌与旅游的未来将呈现如下特点：
第一，是参与国际竞争的必由之路。
西班牙旅游局驻华代表阿图罗·克拉韦尔说：“欧洲的‘中国热’是一个不争的事实，许多西班牙旅行机构都表示，去中国的旅行团的销售情况就像卖面包一样快。”然而，迅速获利的渴望带来的一些问题，如盗窃案件增多、旅行社随意改变约定线路，对游客遭受攻击坐视不管等，已经开始显现出来。到中国旅行的游客对当地旅行社的抱怨频频，一些规模较小的旅行社为了赚取外快置游客利益于不顾，造成游客与导游之间的矛盾冲突。这些不和谐的现象，表明在经济全球化竞争年代，国际品牌创建的必要性，它将帮助旅游企业在汹涌澎湃的国际市场中进行正确的导航，驶向成功的彼岸。
第二，确立市场定位，打造多项旅游品牌，减少市场竞争带来的冲击。
开拓国际市场的旅游企业是否应该只拥有一个全球品牌，从表面来看，答案显而易见，应该是肯定的。中国怎样打造全球品牌呢?上海奥美广告资深企划人员张洁认为：“广告并不是建立品牌的惟一手段，一个强劲的品牌能否给消费者带来一个瞬间的记忆，而这个记忆的价值是无法衡量的，越来越多的企业将关注的焦点是客户的质量而不是客户的数量。”
数年来，广西、云南、内蒙古、福建、浙江、黄山、武夷山等风景旅游城市也都推出多种旅游产品，打造各自的旅游品牌。在我国滇西北，有一条与美国科罗拉多大峡谷相媲美的东方大峡谷——怒江大峡谷。贡山独龙族怒族自治县充分发挥境内优势资源，把旅游与民族文化有机结合，欲打造“三江明珠”、“怒江大峡谷”世界级旅游品牌。2006年，青藏高原宣布打造以文成公主人藏传说、昆仑山神话、茶马古道、唐蕃古道轶事为主题的“七大品牌”工程。福建也着力打造鼓浪屿音乐文化、福州船政文化、武夷山世界遗产、莆田湄州妈祖信仰、泉州海上丝绸之路、漳州天福名茶、永定土楼七大旅游品牌。
第三，品牌与特许经营权的密切结合，寻求“知名品牌”震撼效应。
我国特许经营权协会对特许经营权所下的定义是“特许人将自己拥有的商标、商号、产品、专利和专有技术、经营模式等按照合同规定，在特许人统一业务模式下从事经营活动，并向特许人支付相应的费用。”这种特许经营权的特点是，它将某项独特的商品、商标、专利权与一整套经营模式组合而成的知识产权综合体。
㈢ 欧洲旅游业发展特点
第一来，重视旅游硬件设施建源设。欧洲的旅游景点除了阳光、海水、沙滩等自然风光外，主要是皇宫、古堡、雕塑、广场，这些景点尽管历经几百、上千年，但大都保护得相当完好。
第二，旅游交通十分发达。奥、西、德三国的机场设施十分方便。在德国的法兰克福， 机场规模更大，年吞吐量达3500万人次，是世界第二大航空港，候机楼内各种各样的免税店、酒吧、餐厅、邮电所、退税处一应俱全。
第三，旅游商品开发与旅游购物环境优化。一要加大旅游商品开发力度，二要狠下决心整顿旅游购物市场秩序，打击各种侵害游客购物消费权益的不法行为，精心营造公平、有序、丰富、舒适的旅游购物大环境，以一流的特色旅游商品、规范优质的服务吸引游客，使旅游购物比重有大的增长。
第四，重视旅游资源保护和合理开发。这一点在欧洲各国体现得非常明显。在欧洲的海滨浴场沙滩，既看不到游客乱丢的垃圾、废弃物，也看不到附近排出污染海滩的生活或工业废水，尽管如此，浴场管理部门每月还用沙滩翻晒机器清理几次。欧洲的许多皇宫、广场、古堡，就单个建筑来看，未必都很美，但绿化一搞好，就美得令人击节称赞。
第五，旅游窗口行业的精神文明。
㈣ 欧洲旅游业发展的优势和对我国旅游业发展的启示
第一，重视旅游硬件设施建设。西班牙、奥地利、德国对旅游景点的开发建
设都很重视。欧洲的旅游景点除了阳光、海水、沙滩等自然风光外，主要是皇宫、
古堡、雕塑、广场，这些景点尽管历经几百、上千年，但大都保护得相当完好。
据了解，奥地利政府每年都投入巨额资金用于皇宫、城市公园建筑与绿化的管护，
而维也纳的皇宫及公园的大门都是免费向游客敞开的，除了进入存有重要文物的
宫殿内部参观，游客无须花一分钱。维也纳皇家园林、公园对游客不收门票好像
是亏了，但由于吸引了大批的游客前来观光，全社会的旅游综合经济效益提高了，
国家的税收收入增加了，旅游投入就成了有源之水。
第二，旅游交通十分发达。奥、西、德三国的机场设施给我们留下了深刻的
印象。在西班牙常住人口仅4万的马约卡岛， 竟有一个年吞吐量1000多万人次的
大机场，该岛的航班每10分钟起降一次，机场的换票值机口有100多个,游客进出
岛旅游十分方便。在德国的法兰克福， 机场规模更大，年吞吐量达3500万人次，
是世界第二大航空港，候机楼内各种各样的免税店、酒吧、餐厅、邮电所、退税
处一应俱全。
第三，必须强化旅游商品开发与优化旅游购物环境。旅游商品生产与购物是
我国旅游诸要素中的弱项，必须下决心予以改变。在欧洲各国的旅游收入中，旅
游购物占有相当大的比重。西班牙物美价廉的皮具、意大利的名牌服装、德国的
照相机、瑞士的手表，还有各国精美的旅游工艺品，对外国游客都很有吸引力。
我们的旅游商品近年来虽然有所发展，但名牌产品少，品种单调，特色淡化，制
作粗糙，难于携带。最令人头疼的是假冒伪劣产品满天飞，以假充真、以次充好、
漫天要价、坑蒙宰杀游客、收取高额回扣等现象，令中外游客对旅游购物望而却
步。因此，要振兴旅游购物，一要加大旅游商品开发力度，二要狠下决心整顿旅
游购物市场秩序，打击各种侵害游客购物消费权益的不法行为，精心营造公平、
有序、丰富、舒适的旅游购物大环境，以一流的特色旅游商品、规范优质的服务
吸引游客，使旅游购物比重有大的增长。
第四，必须高度重视旅游资源保护和合理开发。这一点在欧洲各国体现得非
常明显。在欧洲的海滨浴场沙滩，既看不到游客乱丢的垃圾、废弃物，也看不到
附近排出污染海滩的生活或工业废水，尽管如此，浴场管理部门每月还用沙滩翻
晒机器清理几次。欧洲的许多皇宫、广场、古堡，就单个建筑来看，未必都很美，
但绿化一搞好，就美得令人击节称赞。所以旅游资源保护非常重要，而我们这方
面工作还抓得不够有力，必须大大强化
第五，必须加强旅游窗口行业的精神文明建设。
第六，必须大力发展旅游交通。欧洲发展旅游业的经验告诉我们，发展交通
是发展大旅游的先决条件。没有安全、顺畅、高速、便捷的旅游交通网络，就没
有高度发达的旅游业。近年来我国的旅游交通虽然已有较大的发展，但总体上还
是相对滞后。
㈤ 谁能把这个论文题目翻译成英文；调查中国绥芬河与俄罗斯波格拉尼奇内旅游业发展的挑战与机遇
Survey for Challenges & Opportunities in Tourism Development of Both Suifen River in China and Pogranichnyy Rayon in Russia
作为标题，各单词首字母，大写；介词、连词除外
供参
㈥ 关于旅游业发展困境与对策论文的英文版研究综述怎么写
文献综述，还是英文的，可以写。用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。（作用：生动形象地论证了观点（主论点或分论点），使文章浅显易懂，易于理解和接受）此外，在驳论中，往往还采用“以子之矛，攻子之盾”的批驳方法和“归谬法”。在多数议论文中往往是综合运用的。
㈦ 欧洲西部是国际旅游业最发达的地区其发展国际旅游业的优势条件
欧洲西部经济发达，交通便利，自然和人文旅游资源丰富，挪威陡峻幽深的峡湾、瑞士的雪峰、西班牙阳光灿烂的海滩都是秀丽的自然景观，古都罗马、艺术之都巴黎、慕尼黑的啤酒节这些人文景观让人想往，目前欧洲西部是世界上旅游业最发达的地区．
故选：C．
㈧ 世界旅游业的发展趋势论文800字
随着世界经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，旅游已经成为人们休闲度假的主要选择方式之一。旅游业的发展不仅给许多国家提供了大量的就业机会，而且还为它们带来丰厚的外汇收入。因此，旅游业日益引起各国政府的重视。
据世界旅游组织今年年初发表的年度报告统计，2002年世界各国和地区入境旅游人数达7．15亿人次，创历史最高记录。其中，欧洲入境旅游人数仍居世界第一位，为4．11亿人次，占世界旅游市场的57．5％。近年来，亚洲旅游业蓬勃发展，已成为全球旅游业最兴旺的地区之一。2002年前往亚太地区的国际游客达1．31亿人次，仅次于欧洲。美洲地区也是世界旅游的热点地区，2002年入境旅游人数为1．21亿人次。非洲的远古文明和原始风光也开始吸引游客的视线，去年入境旅游人数达到2410万人次。
世界旅游组织公布的统计数字显示，法国仍是世界第一旅游大国，2002年法国接待的外国游客人数突破了历史记录，达7670万人次，占世界旅游市场的10．7％。其次是西班牙、美国和意大利，接待人数分别为5130万人次、4540万人次和3950万人次。中国的悠久历史、秀丽风光、博大精深的文化和多样化的民风民俗以及安全的旅游环境等，产生了巨大吸引力，使得去年中国入境旅游者总数达到3680万人次，居世界第五位。
今年上半年由于受伊拉克战争和非典疫情的影响，全球旅游业一度疲软。从下半年开始，欧洲旅游业增长较明显，非洲和美洲也有增长。亚洲一些地区的旅游及相关服务行业也开始逐步恢复正常。世界旅游组织乐观地表示，亚洲支柱产业之一的旅游业将会在今年年底全面复苏。
目前，世界旅游业正朝着区域化、多样化趋势发展。多年来，世界旅游业主要以欧洲为主体，现在逐渐形成欧洲、亚太地区和美洲三足鼎立的局面。在旅游方式的选择上，一些国家采取以“新”、“异”取胜的战略，除一些传统旅游项目外，文化旅游、商务旅游、生态旅游和网络旅游等特色旅游，以其新颖、别致、时代性强和内容丰富多彩等特点吸引游客，取得了很好的经济效益。另外，由于受世界经济因素影响，未来国际旅游市场的竞争亦将日趋激烈。
如何更好地开发旅游资源、吸引更多旅游者、增加本国的外汇收入和就业机会，已经成为各国共同面对的问题。许多国家通过颁布旅游组织法或旅游基本法、直接投资或减税、设立旅游发展基金、制定休假制度、实行“低门槛”入境和“低门槛”收费政策等，以保证和支持本国旅游业的健康发展。
㈨ 简述欧洲的旅游业
I.首先现代旅游业在西欧产生，原因如下：
具体地分析。近代旅游业首先在西欧产生，有以下几方面的基础和便利条件。
第一，在18世纪，西欧各国的贵族`作家`诗人`和艺术家已掀起了旅游热潮，或为了增加见闻`丰富知识，或为了观赏风光`回归自然，或为了开阔眼界`领略异国风情，使国内和国际旅游成为一种时尚。19世纪中叶旅游业的产生与发展规律，正是在这种旅游时尚的影响下出现的。
第二，产业革命加快了城市化进程，加强了生产劳动和经营管理的强度，加深了资本主义社会的基本矛盾。这就使得人们特别是工业资产阶级重视假日休息，追求到自然环境中去调适。
第三，更为重要的是，产业革命带来了生产和科学技术的巨大进步，蒸汽机的发明及其在交通中的运用，使较大规模的旅游活动成为可能。1825年，第一辆蒸汽火车在英国投入经营，到1875年英国铁路运输年旅客周转量已超过6亿人英里。火车运输与过去马车载客相比运载量大，速度快，既节省费用，又节省时间，大大方便了人们短期外出旅游，19世纪蒸汽动力技术在航行上得到广泛应用，轮船迅速普及。轮船在欧美各国不仅运送国内旅客，更主要的是运送横渡英吉利海峡和大西洋的旅客，英国与欧洲大陆和西欧与美洲之间的国际旅行得意发展。
II.下面简述一下欧洲旅游业的优势：
首先，欧洲旅游业发展较早，如今已形成产业化模式，服务、交通、市场等方面都具有优势。
其次，欧洲国家大多工业发达，又注重环境保护，人口密度适中，所以自然环境较好，人口素养高，比其他的旅游目的地更有优势。
再次，欧洲具有独特的自然风光，其又在良好的开发下，使游客得到最佳的享受。
再次，如今的欧盟，使游客拿着一国签证即可旅游数过，为游客提供了方便。欧洲的城市大多开发合理，市场质素健全，游客可以自由消费。
最后，由于殖民时期的影响，使得大多发展中国家群众对欧洲包衣天堂的印象，所以，在如今经济发展的情况下，都愿意解囊去欧洲一窥究竟，其中以中国人为最
㈩ 有关欧洲中世纪大学的英文论文
欧洲中世纪大学 Medieval European Universities
Medieval university is such an institution of higher learning which was established ring Gothic period and is a corporation.
The first European medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. These universities evolved from much older schools and monasteries, and it is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher ecation in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.
"The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guild (or guilds)—that is, the corporation of students and masters—within the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum, or universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium. In the course of time, however, probably toward the latter part of the 14th century, the term began to be used by itself, with the exclusive meaning of a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars whose corporate existence had been recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority."
History
Origins
Though some higher ecation institutions like the Nalanda University or University of Constantinople claim to be the oldest universities, the first universities in the modern sense (academic degree-granting higher ecation institutions) in western religious world were the University of Al-Karaouine (established in 859)[2] and Al-Azhar University (established in 975).[3] A different case is the University of Constantinople, which was founded in the 9th century as a secular institute of higher learning, to support the state administration. In China and eastern world, there were many higher institutes of learnings in mediaval era, the tradition of which can trace back to ancient times, like the school Shang Hsiang.
The first degree-granting university in medieval Europe was the University of Bologna (established in 1088). The first universities in Europe were influenced in many ways by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily at the time, and in the Middle East ring the Crusades.[4] Medieval European universities were also influenced by a Gothic ethos: to build communities like communes (cities) themselves or guilds. With the increasing professionalisation of society ring the 12th and 13th centuries, a similar demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Europe had been relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with the study of the liturgy and prayer; very few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of church administration, including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion, and accounting to more effectively control finances. Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. However, demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. So, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Paris and Bologna.
The first universities in Europe (University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (1160), University of Oxford (1167), University of Cambridge (1209), University of Palencia (1212), University of Salamanca (1218), University of Montpellier (1220), University of Paa (1222), University of Toulouse (1229) and University of Orleans (1235)) began as private enterprise of teachers and their pupils. Soon they realized they need protection against local city authorities. They petioned secular power for privileges and this became a model. Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita (1158) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna. Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 "forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach (licentia docendi), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers".
Establishment
A predecessor of the modern university was in Paris, especially under the guidance of Peter Abelard, who wrote Sic et Non ("Yes and No"), which collected texts for university study. Dissatisfied with tensions between burghers and students and the censorship of leading intellectuals by the Church, Abelard and others formed the Universitas, modelled on the mediaeval guild, self-regulating, permanent institution of higher ecation. The University of Paris became one of the first clearly established universities, when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens Scientiarium
This was revolutionary step: studium generale (university) and universitas (corporation of students or teachers) existed even before, but now it got autonomy. "[T]he papal bull of 1233, which stipulated that anyone admitted to be a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations (ius ubique docendi), in time, transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy . . . By the year 1292, even the two oldest universities, Bologna and Paris, felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV."[5]
By the 13th century, almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters (abbots, archbishops, cardinals), and over one-third of the second-highest offices were occupied by masters. In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were procts of the mediaeval university.
The development of the mediaeval university coincided with the widespread reintroction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars and the decline in popularity of Platonism and Neoplatonism in favour of Aristotelian thought.
Age of medieval universities was ended by Humanism and its academies.
Characteristics
Initially medieval universities did not have a campus. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. A university was not a physical space but a collection of indivials banded together as a universitas. Soon, however, some universities (such as Cambridge) began to buy or rent rooms specifically for the purposes of teaching.
Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state, a fact which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all the principal Catholic institutions in England. These structural differences created other characteristics. At the Bologna university the students ran everything -- a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. Also, in Paris the main subject matter was theology, so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese. In Bologna, where students chose more secular studies, the main subject was law.
University studies took six years for a Bachelor's degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate. The first six years were organized by the faculty of arts, where the seven liberal arts were taught: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric. The primary emphasis was on logic.
Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies, in one of the three other faculties – law, medicine, or theology – in which to pursue the master's degree and doctorate degree. Theology was the most prestigious area of study, and the most difficult.
Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. For example a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were not elective: the course offerings were set, and everyone had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.
Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age. Classes usually started at 05:00 or 06:00. Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy. In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them; they could only be tried for crimes in a church court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment. This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity, a fact which proced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students who did not face serious consequences. This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities. Students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot (started by the students) left a number of students dead; the University went on strike and they did not return for two years. As the students had the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women, women were not admitted into universities.
A popular textbook for university study was called the Sentences (Quattuor libri sententiarum) of Peter Lombard; theology students and masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum. Much of mediaeval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching.
Most universities of international excellence in Europe were registered by the Holy Roman Empire as a Studium Generale. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often giving lecture courses at a different Studium Generale.
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指11～17世纪欧洲各国兴起的高等学府，为近代高等教育之滥觞。大学(University)一词源于拉丁文Uni-versitas，意为“总和”、“联合”，即学生组织之间或学生组织与教师组织之间的联合团体。
中世纪初期，欧洲教育为教会所垄断。为了培养僧职人员，教会在地方兴办僧院学校，在教区设立主教学校。11世纪西欧城市兴起以后，由于手工业和商业的发展以及城市反对领主的斗争，迫切需要能读会写、具有各方面知识的人才。原有的僧院学校远不能满足社会发展的需要。于是从11世纪起，一些城市的手工业行会和商人公会，以及市政当局，打破教会几百年来对教育的垄断，自发地创办了世俗学校。学校根据城市生产、交换和社会生活的需要，开设文法和计算方面的课程，培养各方面的人才。城市学校的普遍兴起，促进了城市文化教育水平的提高，引起人们对古典艺术、古典哲学和研究罗马法的兴趣。这种新型学校不依靠教会，而是靠学生交纳学费维持学校的经费开支。校长和教师统由行会和市政当局共同聘任。这种新型学校在中世纪得到普遍的发展和扩大。
中世纪，在西欧某些城市学校和主教学校的基础上开始出现大学。最早的大学产生于意大利。具有代表性且影响较大的是萨莱诺大学、博洛尼亚大学和巴黎大学。萨莱诺大学设在意大利的萨莱诺,先是有一所医学校,11世纪初成为医学研究中心。当时，犹太人阿非利加诺来到萨莱诺，编译希腊医学家希波克拉底和阿拉伯的医学著作，对医学理论和医疗事业有很大推动。萨莱诺大学成为欧洲最早的医科大学，1231年得到政府承认。11世纪末出现的博洛尼亚法律学校以研究法学著称，1158年得到神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈一世（红胡子）颁布敕令的保护,学生团体取得了一定的自由权利和特权地位,遂发展成为博洛尼亚大学。博洛尼亚大学的学生按照籍贯组成同乡会，到13世纪阿尔卑斯山南北两个同乡会联合起来,形成“法科大学”。这是一种学生团体的联合,不包括教师按学科成立的组织“学科会”。此后，大学便经常与市政当局和其他市民接触，成为独立的市民团体。不久教师组织便与学生组织联合，统由学生中选出的校长管理，从而确立了师生合一的大学的形式。博洛尼亚大学设有文学院和医学院，在14世纪以前还设有神学院，最初统由法科大学校长管辖。到14世纪初，博洛尼亚大学取得独立的审判权，成为名副其实的自治团体。法国的巴黎大学始建于12世纪末，由原巴黎圣母院大教堂学校发展而来，正式形成于13世纪初。1209年在巴黎出现了教师会组织。1215年，教师会与学生会一起得到教皇亚历山大三世的正式承认。1231年，罗马教皇以敕令肯定该大学的自决权。巴黎大学由主教的代理人主持，教授由教会委任，并发给薪俸。学校的管理人员不是由全体学生选举，而是由取得博士和硕士学位的人选举产生。全校分为 4个系，各系由公选的系主任主持。文艺系为普通教育阶段，具有预科教育的性质。学生在这里主要学习“自由七艺”（文法、修辞、伦理、算术、几何、天文和音乐），修完前 3科，可得文学士学位，全部修完后 4科，可得文学硕士学位。然后取得投考其他 3个高级专门系（神学、医学、教会法）的资格。修完专门系的课程，才能取得博士学位。入学年龄和修学年限均无明确规定。一般修完初级和高级两个阶段，大约需要12～13年。欧洲中世纪大学多是自治团体。它既不隶属于教会，又不受制于地方，保持相对独立性，可以自由研究学术。由教授和学生共同推选校长进行管理。博洛尼亚大学类型在南欧比较普及,而巴黎大学类型则在北欧占优势。
继意大利和法国之后，英国创办了牛津大学(1168)和剑桥大学(1209)(见彩图)。14世纪,德国建立了海德堡大学,捷克建立了布拉格大学，波兰创办了克拉科夫大学。到1500年，全欧已有80所大学，1600年大学发展到 108所。中世纪欧洲大学的出现和发展为欧洲文艺复兴、宗教改革运动作了准备，促进了各国文化和学术的发展，有利于城市的繁荣和工商业的进步，加速了国际间的文化和学术的交流，并对当时和后来的教育事业产生了重大影响。