關於景點介紹的英文詞彙

A. 關於著名景點的英語單詞有哪些

the great wall長城
the summer palace頤和園
the Imperial Palace故宮
world's end in Hainan海南島天涯海角
Chengde Imperial Summer Resort承德避暑山莊
Temple of Heaven天壇
figurines of soldiers and horses from the Qin Mausoleum秦陵兵馬俑
the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River長江三峽
Mount Huang of Anhui安徽黃山
the Sun and Moon Lake of Taiwan台灣日月潭
the Crescent Moon Lake月牙泉
Mogao Grottoes / Caves, Dunhuang 敦煌莫高窟
桂林 Guilin
陽朔 Yangshuo
Street」
象鼻山 Elephant Trunk Hill
獨秀峰the peak of unique beauty
七星岩the seven star crag
疊彩山 Piled Silk Hill
駱駝山 Camel Hill
灕江游 cruise on the Li River
三山曉色 three Hill at Dawn
青峰倒影 Green Peaks Reflected on Water
月牙山 Crescent Hill
千佛岩Cliff of Thousand Buddhas
滇池 Lake Dianchi
黑龍潭 Black Dragon Pool
珠江夜遊 Pearl River Night Cruise
岷江Minjiang river
野生動物園 Safari Park
中國民俗文化村 China Folk Culture Villages
佛教四大名山Four famous Buddhist Mountains
五台山 Wutai Mountain
普陀山 Mount Putuo
九華山 Jiuhua Mountain
峨嵋山 Mount Emei
五嶽 China』s five great / sacred mountains
武當山 Wudang Mountain
嵩山 Songshan Mountain
少林寺 Shaolin Temple
泰山 Mount Tai
岱廟 Dai Temple
日光頂Riguan Peak - the Sun Watching Peak
玉皇頂 Peak of the Heavenly Emperor
黃山 Mount Huangshan; Yellow Mountain
迎客松 Guest-Greeting Pine
半山寺Mid-Hill Temple
雲谷寺 Cloudy Valley Temple
光明頂Bright Summit
天都峰 Heavenly Capital Peak
蓮花峰 Lotus Peak
奇松strangely-shaped pines
怪石grotesque rock formations
雲海seas of clouds
溫泉hot springs
紫金山天文台 Purple Mountain Observatory
南天門The Heavenly Southern Gate
午門meridian gate
天壇 the Temple of Heaven
紫禁城the Forbidden City
故宮the Imperial Place
故宮博物院 the Palace Museum
護城河Moat
迴音壁echo wall
居庸關Juyongguan pass
長壽山the longevity hill
九龍壁the nine dragon wall
黃龍洞the yellow dragon cave
大清真寺great mosque
黃帝陵Huang Di Mausoleum
十三陵Ming Tombs
中山陵Dr. Sun Yat-sen』s Mausoleum
成吉思汗陵 Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
魯迅故居Luxun』s former residence
（重慶）渣滓洞 Cinder Cave
（重慶）紅岩村 Red Crag Village
(延安) 寶塔山 Pagoda Hill
東方威尼斯Oriental Venice
蘇州園林 Suzhou gardens
獅子林 Lion Grove Garden
怡園 Joyous Garden
留園lingering Garden
網師園 Garden of the Master of Nets
耦園 （諧音偶，佳偶之意） Garden of Couple』s Retreat
西湖 West Lake
蘇堤 Su Causeway
白堤 Bai Causeway
斷橋 Broken Bridge
外西湖 Outer West Lake
九寨溝jiuzhaigou
布達拉宮Potala Palace
日月潭 Lake Sun Moon
名勝古跡places of scenic beauty and historical interests / scenic spots and historical sites
[擴展]
堡fort, fortress
城堡castle
長廊The Long Corridor
殿hall
拱頂vault
鼓樓 drum-tower
荷塘lotus pond
湖石假山Lakeside rocks and rockeries
祭壇 altar
角樓watchtower
九曲橋Bridge of Nine Turnings
廊 corridor
陵墓 emperor』s mausoleum/tomb
樓 tower; mansion
牌樓pailou, decorated archway
橋bridges
水榭 pavilion on the water
塔 pagoda; tower
台 terrace
壇altar
梯staircase
亭閣 pavilion
亭台樓閣pavilions, terraces, and towers; a general reference to the elaborate Chinese architecture
溪streams
行宮A temporary imperial palace
鍾樓bell-tower
柱pillar, column, post
碑刻, 碑文, 碑銘inscriptions on a tablet
碑林the forest of steles, tablet forest
碑座 pedestal of the tablet
壁畫 murals; fresco
避暑山莊 mountain resort
避暑勝地 summer resort
冬季旅遊勝地Winter resort
度假勝地 holiday resort
佛教勝地 Buddhist resort
滑雪勝地Ski resort
冰山iceberg
火山 volcano
青山green hill
場所site, venue, locale, seat
出土unearth
道觀Taoist temple
道教名山Taoist mountain
堤防embankment
地下軍團buried legion
雕塑Sculptures
雕像 statue
頂點Summit
定情之物token of love
洞穴/岩洞 cave; cavern
仿古製品 antique replica
復製品Replica
高超工藝 superior workmanship
孤柏Lone cypress
古董antique, antiquity, curio
古跡place of historical interest
古建築群 ancient architectural / building complex
古墓 ancient tomb
古松Age-old pine trees
古玩店 antique/curio shop
國家公園 national park
海平面Sea level
號稱五嶽之首 rank first of the five great mountains in china
後裔Descendant
迴廊corridor
甲骨文 inscription on bones and tortoiseshells
假山rockeries
建築風格Architectural style
江南水鄉 south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River
景象Spectacle
領略自然景觀的魅力 appreciate the charms of natural landscape
蜜月度假勝地 honeymoon resort
名山 famous mountain / mountain resort
名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers
摩崖石刻Carved out of a cliff
瀑布 waterfall, fall
小瀑布 cascade
飛瀑plunging waterfall
曲阜Qufu
曲徑winding path
人文景觀places of historic figures and cultural heritage
人造物品Artifact
日出Sunrise
日落Sunset
溶洞water-eroded cave
溶岩景色，喀斯特地貌Karst scenery
石舫 stone boat
石灰池Calcified pond
石灰岩洞limestone cave
石窟 grotto
石牌Stone steles
石橋Stone bridge
石筍stalagmite
石像Portrait stone
世界第八大奇跡eighth wonder of the world
世界七大奇跡seven wonders of the world
世界文化遺產保護地World Heritage Sites (WHS)
世界之窗 Window of the World
書法真跡 calligraphic relics
水鄉景色 riverside scenery
私家園林Private garden
四大奇觀Four wonders
縮影Miniature
天下第一洞The most spectacular cave unparalleled elsewhere in the world
天下第一泉The finest spring under heaven
武當功夫 Wudang martial arts
險峰perilous peaks
香格里拉Shangri-la (earthly paradise or utopia -- generally secluded and peaceful)
鑲嵌inlay
修復Renovate
雪峰snow-topped peaks
雪山Snow-capped mountain
釉面磚Glazed tile
御花園 imperial garden
園林建築Garden architecture
原始森林virgin forest
藻類algae
植物園botanical garden
主題公園 theme park
自然景觀natural attraction; natural landscape / scenery
綜合建築building complex
坐佛Sitting Buddha
歷史人文 history-related
[擴展]
春秋時期The Spring and Autumn Period
吐蕃王國Tubo Kingdom
王朝dynasty
舊石器時代Paleolithic times
清朝帝王Qing emperors
文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng
春秋時代The Spring and Autumn Period
大思想家和教育家A great thinker and ecator
慈禧太後Empress Dowager CiXi
祭祀offer sacrifices
君主monarch
皇妃Imperial concubine
丞相Prime minister
太監Court eunuch
古裝Ancient costume
朝代dynasty
歷代various dynasty
少數民族ethnic minority
蒙古族Mongolian
藏族Tibetan
維吾爾族Uygur
納西族Naxi minority
阿壩藏族自治州Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
古代器具Ancient utensils
考古學家archaeologist
發掘unearth
吉尼斯世界紀錄The Guinness Book of World Records
公元 AD
公元前 BC
誕生地Birthplace
歷史文物historical relics
歷史遺跡Historical site
青銅器Bronze ware
文人men of letters
雅士refined scholars
文物cultural relics
西域western countries
兵馬俑 Terra Cotta Warriors
秦始皇陵墓 the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
敦煌莫高窟 Mogao Grottoes/Caves,Dunhuang
壁畫 murals
彩繪 painted sculptures
鳴沙山 Singing Sands Mountain
月牙泉 the Crescent Moon Lake
長江三峽 Three Gorges on the Yangtze River
瞿塘峽 Qutang Gorge
巫峽 Wu Gorge
西陵峽 Xiling Gorge
廣西桂林 Guilin, Guangxi
獨秀峰 Solitary Beauty Peak
疊彩山 Folded Brocade Hill
伏波山 Fubo Hill
象鼻山 Elephant Trunk Hill
七星山 Seven Star Hill
駱駝山 Camel Hill
灕江 Li River
杭州西湖 West Lake, Hangzhou
「上有天堂，下有蘇杭。」
In heaven there is paradise, on earth Hangzhou and Suzhou.
「欲把西湖比西子，濃妝淡抹總相宜。」
I would like to compare West Lake to Xi Shi, the ancient beauty.
Charming she looks whether richly made up or only slightly so.

蘇堤 Su Causeway
白堤 Bai Causeway
靈隱寺 Temple of the Soul』s Retreat
飛來峰 Peak Flying from Afar
六合塔 Pagoda of Six Harmonies
虎跑泉 Tiger Spring
黃山 Mt. Huangshan
「天下第一奇山」 the most fantastic mountain under heaven
「五嶽歸來不看山，黃山歸來不看岳。」
Having visited the five sacred mountains, I deem it unnecessary to look at any other.

Upon my return from Mt. Huangshan, no longer do I find it worthwhile to look at the five sacred mountains.

「三奇」：巧石、奇松、雲海 the three wonderful features: picturesque rocks, legendary pines, and the sea of clouds

「四絕」：巧石、奇松、雲海、溫泉 the four unique features: picturesque rocks, legendary pines, the sea of clouds and hotsprings

紫禁城 The Forbidden City
太和門 Gate of Supreme Harmony
太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony
中和殿 Hall of Central Harmony
保和殿 Hall of Preserved Harmony
文華殿 Hall of Literary Harmony
武英殿 Hall of Martial Valour
文淵閣 Pavilion of Literary Source
四庫全書 Complete Library of the Four Treasures of Knowledge
南蕈殿 South Fragrance Hall
西六宮 Six Western Palaces
東六宮 Six Eastern Palaces
乾清宮 Palace of Celestial Purity
乾清門 Gate of Celestial Purity
坤寧宮 Palace of Terrestrial Tranquility
養心宮 Hall of Mental Cultivation
奉先殿 Hall for Ancestry Worship
寧壽宮 Palace of Tranquil Longevity
樂壽堂 Hall of Joyful Longevity
御花園 Imperial Garden
蘇州園林 Suzhou Gardens
拙政園 the Humble Administrator』s Garden
留園 the Lingering Garden
環秀山莊 the Mountain Villa with Embracing
獅子林 the Lion Forest Garden
網師園 the Master-of-Nets Garden
滄浪亭 the Canglang Pavilion; the Surging Waves Pavilion

B. 關於著名景點的英語單詞有哪些

1、pyramid（金字塔）

金字塔在埃及和美洲等地均有分布，古埃及的上埃及、中埃及和下埃及，今蘇丹和埃及境內。現在的尼羅河下游，散布著約80座金字塔遺跡。 大小不一，其中最高大的是胡夫金字塔，高146.5米，底長230米，共用230萬塊平均每塊2.5噸的石塊砌成，佔地52000平方公尺。

2、The Great Wall（萬里長城）

長城（The Great Wall），又稱萬里長城，是中國古代的軍事防禦工程，是一道高大、堅固而連綿不斷的長垣，用以限隔敵騎的行動。長城不是一道單純孤立的城牆，而是以城牆為主體，同大量的城、障、亭、標相結合的防禦體系。

3、Terracotta Army（兵馬俑）

兵馬俑，即秦始皇兵馬俑，亦簡稱秦兵馬俑或秦俑，第一批全國重點文物保護單位，第一批中國世界遺產，位於今陝西省西安市臨潼區秦始皇陵以東1.5千米處的兵馬俑坑內。

兵馬俑是古代墓葬雕塑的一個類別。古代實行人殉，奴隸是奴隸主生前的附屬品，奴隸主死後奴隸要作為殉葬品為奴隸主陪葬。兵馬俑即製成兵馬（戰車、戰馬、士兵）形狀的殉葬品。

4、the Eiffel Tower（埃菲爾鐵塔）

埃菲爾鐵塔（法語：La Tour Eiffel；英語：the Eiffel Tower）矗立在塞納河南岸法國巴黎的戰神廣場，於1889年建成，是當時世界上最高的建築物。埃菲爾鐵塔得名於設計它的著名建築師、結構工程師古斯塔夫·埃菲爾，全部由施耐德鐵器（現施耐德電氣）建造。

5、Leaning Tower of Pisa（比薩斜塔）

比薩斜塔（義大利語：Torre pendente di Pisa或Torre di Pisa，英語：Leaning Tower of Pisa）建造於1173年8月，是義大利比薩城大教堂的獨立式鍾樓，位於義大利托斯卡納省比薩城北面的奇跡廣場上。

C. 有關景點的英語單詞

great wall
Great GOOSE pagoda 大雁塔...
West Lake 西湖
Statue of Liberty 自由女神像
Tiger-running Spring 虎跑泉
Pyramids 金字塔專
Yuanmingyuan Garden圓明園
Summer Palace頤和屬園

D. 寫一篇介紹景點的英語作文，80個單詞就可以了

I feel it a great honour to be your tour guide today. First, on behalf of my company, I warmly welcome all my distinguished guests from Australia to Shanghai and the Oriental Pearl TV Tower.

Located on the Huangpu River, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower is now the symbol of the city. Built in 1994 and opened to the public in 1995, it is now the highest building in Shanghai and the third highest in Asia. The Tower has a quite unique structure and consists of 3 large and 5 small balls. Inside the balls, you can have a bird's eye view of the city.

Our schele for the trip to the TV Tower is as follows: you have an hour form 9:30-10:30am to experience the history of Shanghai on the first floor. Then we'll assemble in the middle of the hall at 10:30 and have another hour to overlook the beautiful city sceneries in the middle ball. Finally please do remember to go to the top ball at 11:30 to enjoy your lunch.

Thanks for listening. Have a good time!
我覺得非常榮幸地成為你的導游今天。首先，我代表公司，我熱烈歡迎我所有的各位嘉賓從澳大利亞到上海，東方明珠電視塔。

坐落於黃浦江畔，東方明珠電視塔現在的象徵的城市。建於1994年向公眾開放，在1995年，它是目前最高的建築在上海的第三次亞洲最高的。該大樓有一個非常獨特的結構和組成， 3大5小球。裡面的球，你可以鳥瞰城市。

我們的時間表去電視塔如下：你有一個小時，上午9:30-10:30的歷史經驗，上海市一樓。然後，我們會聚集在中間的大廳10:30和一個小時忽視了這個美麗的城市風景中球。最後請不要忘記到頂端球11:30地享受您的午餐。

謝謝收聽。有一個好的時間！

以下是介紹great wall的作文
The Great Wall of China is a Chinese fortification built from the 5th century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect the various dynasties from raids by Hunnic, Mongol, Turkic, and other nomadic tribes coming from areas in modern-day Mongolia and Manchuria. Several walls, also referred to as the Great Wall of China, were built since the 5th century BC, the most famous being the one built between 220 BC and 200 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang; this wall was located much further north than the current wall built ring the Ming Dynasty, and little of it remains.

The Great Wall of China was originally a project of the Chairman Mao ring the Cultural revolution designed to keep out the nomadic Xiongnu invaders from the north. Some of the wall was built ring the Qin, but most of it that we see today was constructed ring the Ming dynasty.

The Great Wall is the world's largest man-made structure, stretching over a formidable 6,352 km (3,948 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Sea in the east, at the limit between "China proper" and Manchuria (Northeast China), to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [1]. Along most of its arc, it roughly delineates the border between North China and Inner Mongolia.See List of largest buildings in the world
l love great wall.how wonderful!
以下是介紹長城的作文
長城是中國強化建設中國從公元前5世紀開始，直到17世紀，為了保護各個朝代的襲擊Hunnic ，蒙古人，突厥，以及其他游牧部落從地區現代蒙古和滿洲。一些牆壁，也被稱為長城的中國，是建立自公元前5世紀，最有名的是一個220之間建立公元前200年的第一次中國皇帝，秦始皇;這道牆是位於多進一步北部比目前的牆建於明代，幾乎沒有它依然存在。

長城最初是中國的一個項目毛主席在文革期間，旨在保持了游牧民族匈奴入侵者來自北方。一些牆建於秦代，但大多數認為我們今天看到的是建造在明代。

長城是世界上最大的人造結構，延伸了一項艱巨的6352公里（ 3948英里） ，來自上海的通行證渤海在東部地區，在極限之間的「中國適當」和滿洲（中國東北） ，以羅布泊東南的部分新疆維吾爾自治區[ 1 ] 。隨著它的大部分電弧，它大致勾畫了南北之間邊界的中國和內蒙古Mongolia.See名單中最大的建築世界
升熱愛偉大的wall.how了不起！

E. 旅遊景點的英語單詞

state-list famous historical and culture cities 國家級歷史文化名城
tourist destination 旅遊目的地
tourist destination area 旅遊目的地地區
tourist destination country 旅遊目的國
tourist map 旅遊地圖
tourist spots/attractions 旅遊景點
tourist attractions /scenic spots旅遊景點
tourist trade 旅遊界
travel 旅行
World Tourism Day 世界旅遊日
information desk 問訊處
Natural scenery/ attractions自然景觀
Famous mountains and great rivers名山大川
Scenic spots and historical sites 名勝古跡
Places of historic figures and cultural heritage人文景觀
Cultural/human landscape 人文景觀
Inviting views誘人景色
Green hills and clear waters 青山綠水
Landscape of lakes and hills/beautiful scenery of lakes and mountains 湖光山色
Picturesque view 風景如畫
tourism 旅遊
pleasure trip 游覽,漫遊
business trip 商務旅行
organized tour 組團旅遊
circular tour 環程旅行
package tour, inclusive tour 包辦旅行
outward journey 單程旅行
return journey, round trip 往返旅行
holiday 假期
excursion, outing 遠足
expedition 遠征,探險

hitchhiking, hitching 搭乘
itinerary 旅行指南
itinerary, route 旅行路線
stopover 中途下車暫停
stage 停歇點,中間站
departure at 10 a.m. 上午10時出發
arrival at 12 p.m. 夜12點抵達
stay 停留
return 返回
embarkation, embarcation 乘船,上船
disembarkation 下船

F. 名勝古跡的英語單詞

十三陵The Ming Tombs
雍和宮Yonghe Lamasery
中華世紀坦China Century Altar
秦始皇陵The Emperor Qin Shihuang's Tomb
天安門廣場Tian'anmen Square
華表Ornamental Pillars
人民英雄紀念碑The Monument to the People's Heroes
毛主席紀念堂Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
人民大會堂The Great Hall of the People
故宮The Forbidden City
乾清宮The Palace of Heavenly Purity
坤寧宮The Palace of Earthly Tranquility
御花園The Imperial Garden
九龍壁The Nine Dragon Screen
天壇The Temple of Heaven
迴音壁Echo Wall
祈年殿The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest
頤和園The Summer Palace
佛香閣The Tower of Buddhist Incense
石舫The Marble Boat
十七孔橋The 17-Arch Bridge
銅牛Bronze Ox
諧趣園The Garden of Harmonious Interests
長城The Great Wall
居庸關Juyongguan Pass
北海公園: Beihai Park
故宮博物院: the Palace Museum
革命歷史博物館: The Museum of Revolutionary History
天安門廣場: Tian』anmen Square
毛主席紀念堂:Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial Hall
保和殿: the Hall of Preserving Harmony
中和殿: the Hall of Central Harmony
長城: the Great Wall
午門: the Meridian Gate
紫金山天文台: Purple and Gold Hills Observation
紫禁城: the Forbidden City
御花園: Imperial Garden
頤花園: Summer Palace
天 壇: Temple of Heaven
周口店遺址: Zhoukoudian Ancient Site
太和殿: the Hall of Supreme Harmony
祈年殿: the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.
少年宮: the Children』s Palace
烽火台: the Beacon Tower
人民大會堂: the Great Hall of the People
清東陵: Easten Royal Toms of the Qing Dynasty
乾清宮: Palace of Heavenly Purity
民族文化宮: the Cultural Palace for Nationalities
勞動人民文化宮:Worker People』s Cultural Palace
北京工人體育館:Beijing Workers』 Stadium

護城河: the Moat
仙人洞: Fairy Cave
黃果樹瀑布:Huangguoshu Falls
西山晴雪: the Sunny Western Hills after Snow
避暑山莊:the Imperial Mountain Summer Resort
龍門石窟: Longmen Cave
蘇州園林:Suzhou Gardens
廬山 :Lushan Mountain
天池: Heaven Poll
蓬萊水城: Penglai Water City
大雁塔: Big Wild Goose Pagoda
華山: Huashan Mountain
峨眉山:Emei Mountain
石林: Stone Forest
西湖: West Lake
白馬寺: White Horse Temple
白雲山: White Cloud Mountain.
布達拉宮 :Potala Palace
大運河: Grand Canal
滇池: Dianchi Lake
杜甫草堂: Du Fu Cottage
都江堰: Dujiang Dam
鼓浪嶼: Gulangyu Islet
觀音閣: Goddess of Mercy Pavilion
歸元寺: Guiyuan Buddhist Temple
甘露寺: Sweet Dew Temple
黃花崗七十二烈士墓:Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs
華清池: Huaqing Hot Spring
昭君墓: Zhaojun』s Tomb
毛澤東故居:Mao Zedong』s Former Residence
周恩來故居:Zhou Enlai』s Former Residence
越秀公園: Yuexiu Park
岳陽樓: Yueyang Tower
南湖公園: South Lake Park
中山公園: Zhongshan Park
灕江: Lijiang River
寒山寺: Hanshan Temple
靜心齋: Heart-East Study
黃鶴樓: Yellow Crane Tower
黃山 : Huangshan Mountain
天下第一關:the First Pass Under Heaven
桂林山水:Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters
秦始皇兵馬俑: Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Figurines
HuaQING hot spring 華清池
drum tower 鼓樓
Great GOOSE pagoda 大雁塔
the West Lake西湖
泰山：Mount Taishan
廬山：Mt. Lu 天安門及廣場 Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square
故宮 The Palace Museum
天壇 The Temple of Heaven
頤和園 The Summer Palace

G. 有關風景名勝的英語單詞

[推薦]名勝古跡英語名稱
名勝古跡

1． The Big Wild Goose Pagoda 大雁塔
2． The Small Wild Pagoda 小雁塔
3．The Bell Tower 鍾樓
4．The Banpo Museum 半坡博物館
5．The Xingjiao Temple 興教寺
6．The Great Mosque 清真寺
7．TheDeep Fragrance Pavilion Xingqinggong Park 興慶宮沉香廳
8．The Temple of Emperor Qin Shihuang 秦始皇陵
9．Terra –cotta Soldiers and Horses 兵馬俑
Terra cotta Warrios
Qin Warrios
10．The Summer Palace 頤和園
11．The Sydeny Opera House 悉尼歌劇院
12．The White House 白宮
13．Buckingham Palace 白金漢宮
14．The Forbidden City 紫禁城
15．Tomb of Princess Yongtai 永泰公主墓
16.the Huaqing Pool 華清池
17.the Hot Spring in Li Mountain 驪山溫泉
18.Tang Wells 唐井
19.Nine-Drangon Lake 九龍糊
20.Tang Operras and Recreations 梨園

H. 形容旅遊景點的英語詞彙

splendid, grand, fabulous, magnificent ,charming,.......etc

I. 關於名勝古跡的英語單詞

把自己知道的名勝古跡的詞語在網路漢英互譯上翻譯就成了