鄉村旅遊p
1. 鄉村旅遊中生態環境破壞的例子
鄉村旅遊以具有鄉村性的自然和人文客體為旅遊吸引物,依託農村區域的優美景觀、自然環境、建築和文化等資源,在傳統農村休閑游和農業體驗游的基礎上,拓展開發會務度假、休閑娛樂等項目的新興旅遊方式。 目前國內外學術界對鄉村旅遊還沒有完全統一的定義,主要有以下觀點: 西班牙學者Gilbert and Tung(1990)認為:鄉村旅遊(Rural tourism)就是農戶為旅遊者提供食宿等條件,使其在農場、牧場等典型的鄉村環境中從事各種休閑活動的一種旅遊形式。 世界經濟合作與發展委員會(OECD,1994,P.15)定義為:在鄉村開展的旅遊,田園風味(rurality)是鄉村旅遊的中心和獨特的賣點。 以色列的Arie Reichel與Oded Lowengart和美國的Ady Milman(1999)簡明扼要的說:鄉村旅遊就是位於農村區域的旅遊。具有農村區域的特牲,如旅遊企業規模要小、區域要開闊和具有可持續發展性等特點。 英國的Bramwell and Lane (1994)認為:鄉村旅遊不僅是基於農業的旅遊活動,而是一個多層面的旅遊活動,它除了包括基於農業的假日旅遊外,還包括特殊興趣的自然旅遊,生態旅遊,在假日步行、登山和騎馬等活動,探險、運動和健康旅遊,打獵和釣魚,教育性的旅遊,文化與傳統旅遊,以及一些區域的民俗旅遊活動。 國內有關鄉村旅遊的定義較多,何景明和李立華認為狹義的鄉村旅遊是指在鄉村地區,以具有鄉村性的自然和人文客體為旅遊吸引物的旅遊活動。鄉村旅遊的概念包含了兩個方面:一是發生在鄉村地區,二是以鄉村性作為旅遊吸引物,二者缺一不可。
2. 鄉村旅遊的簡介
西班牙學者Rosa Marý´a Yagu¨e Perales(2001)將鄉村旅遊分為傳統鄉村旅遊(Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism)和現代鄉村旅遊(Modern Rural Tourism)兩種。
傳統的鄉村旅遊出現在工業革命以後,主要源於一些來自農村的城市居民以「回老家」度假的形式出現。雖然傳統的鄉村旅遊對當地會產生一些有價值的經濟影響,並增加了城鄉交流機會,但它與現代鄉村旅遊有很大的區別,主要體現在:傳統鄉村旅遊活動主要在假日進行;沒有有效地促進當地經濟的發展;沒有給當地增加就業機會和改善當地的金融環境。實際上,傳統的鄉村旅遊在世界發達國家和發展中國家都廣泛存在,在中國常常把這種傳統的鄉村旅遊歸類於探親旅遊。
現代鄉村旅遊是在20世紀80年代出現在農村區域的一種新型的旅遊模式,尤其是在20世紀90年代以後發展迅速,旅遊者的旅遊動機明顯區別於回老家的傳統旅遊者。現代鄉村旅遊的特徵主要表現為:旅遊的時間不僅僅局限於假期;現代鄉村旅遊者充分利用農村區域的優美景觀、自然環境和建築、文化等資源;現代鄉村旅遊對農村經濟的貢獻不僅僅表現在給當地增加了財政收入,還表現在給當地創造了就業機會,同時還給當地衰弱的傳統經濟注入了新的活力
現代鄉村旅遊對農村的經濟發展有積極的推動作用,隨著具有現代人特色旅遊者迅速增加,現代鄉村旅遊已成為發展農村經濟的有效手段。因此非常有必要分清這種「回老家」的旅遊或者傳統的鄉村旅遊與現代鄉村旅遊的區別。我們談論的鄉村旅遊是指現代鄉村旅遊 鄉村旅遊以具有鄉村性的自然和人文客體為旅遊吸引物,依託農村區域的優美景觀、自然環境、建築和文化等資源,在傳統農村休閑游和農業體驗游的基礎上,拓展開發會務度假、休閑娛樂等項目的新興旅遊方式。
國內外學術界對鄉村旅遊還沒有完全統一的定義,主要有以下觀點:
西班牙學者Gilbert and Tung(1990)認為:鄉村旅遊(Rural tourism)就是農戶為旅遊者提供食宿等條件,使其在農場、牧場等典型的鄉村環境中從事各種休閑活動的一種旅遊形式。
世界經濟合作與發展委員會(OECD,1994,P.15)定義為:在鄉村開展的旅遊,田園風味(rurality)是鄉村旅遊的中心和獨特的賣點
以色列的Arie Reichel與Oded Lowengart和美國的Ady Milman(1999)簡明扼要的說:鄉村旅遊就是位於農村區域的旅遊。具有農村區域的特牲,如旅遊企業規模要小、區域要開闊和具有可持續發展性等特點。
英國的Bramwell and Lane (1994)認為:鄉村旅遊不僅是基於農業的旅遊活動,而是一個多層面的旅遊活動,它除了包括基於農業的假日旅遊外,還包括特殊興趣的自然旅遊,生態旅遊,在假日步行、登山和騎馬等活動,探險、運動和健康旅遊,打獵和釣魚,教育性的旅遊,文化與傳統旅遊,以及一些區域的民俗旅遊活動。
國內有關鄉村旅遊的定義較多,何景明和李立華認為狹義的鄉村旅遊是指在鄉村地區,以具有鄉村性的自然和人文客體為旅遊吸引物的旅遊活動。鄉村旅遊的概念包含了兩個方面:一是發生在鄉村地區,二是以鄉村性作為旅遊吸引物,二者缺一不可。
3. 求關於鄉村旅遊的外文和翻譯一篇
用翻譯工具幫你做了一篇
Rural tourism is to some rural villages to understand the people, customs and etiquette, etc.
There are some villages at the time of planting procts (rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, etc.), fruit trees, streams, small bridges viewing and their understanding of the story
Tourists in the countryside (usually in remote areas of the traditional village) and nearby to stay, learn and experience the rural lifestyle activities. The village can also be as a tourist base to explore the surrounding areas
First, an overview of rural tourism
1. The origin of rural tourism
Spain scholars Rosa Marý'a Yagu ¨ e Perales (2001) will be divided into the traditional rural tourism rural tourism (Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism) and modern rural tourism (Modern Rural Tourism) two.
Traditional rural tourism in the instrial revolution, mainly e to a number of urban residents from rural areas in order to "go home" in the form of vacation. Although the traditional rural tourism will have on the local economic impact of some valuable, and to increase opportunities for exchanges among the urban and rural areas, but it and the modern rural tourism there was a great difference mainly reflected in: the traditional rural tourism activities are mainly carried out ring the holidays; not effective in promoting local economic development; not to increase local employment opportunities and improve the financial environment. In fact, the traditional rural tourism in many parts of the world developed and developing countries are widespread in China, this tradition often classified as rural tourism travel to visit relatives.
Tourism is a modern village in the 20th century, the 80's in the rural areas a new type of tourism, especially in the 90's after the 20th century, the rapid development of tourism tourists obvious motive from the traditional tourists go home. The characteristics of modern rural tourism mainly as follows: time travel is not limited to holidays; modern rural tourists take full advantage of the beautiful landscape of rural areas, the natural environment and architecture, and cultural resources; modern rural tourism's contribution to the rural economy is not only the performance of increase in local revenue, but also in creating local employment opportunities, but also the tradition of local economic weakness has injected new vitality.
Modern village of tourism on economic development in rural areas have a positive role in promoting, with the characteristics of modern people with the rapid increase of tourists, the modern development of rural tourism has become an effective means of the rural economy. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish this kind of "go home" of the tourism or rural tourism traditional and modern distinction between rural tourism. At present, we are talking about refers to the modern rural tourism rural tourism.
2. The definition of rural tourism
Academic circles both at home and abroad on the rural tourism has not completely uniform definition of the following views:
Spain scholar Gilbert and Tung (1990) that: Rural Tourism (Rural tourism) is the farmers to provide accommodation for tourists and other conditions, to the farm, ranch, such as a typical rural environment, a variety of leisure activities to engage in a form of tourism.
World Commission for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1994, P.15) is defined as: carried out in rural tourism, rural-style (rurality) is the center of rural tourism and the unique selling point.
Arie Reichel and Israel Oded Lowengart and the United States Ady Milman (1999) that clear and concise: rural tourism region is located in rural tourism. Rural areas with special offerings, such as small-scale tourism enterprises, regional to open and the characteristics of sustainable development.
British Bramwell and Lane (1994) that: rural tourism is not only the agriculture-based tourism activities, but more than one level of tourism activities, which in addition to agriculture-based holiday tourism, but also include special interest in nature-based tourism, ecotourism, walk ring the holidays, mountain climbing and horse riding and other activities, adventure, sports and health tourism, hunting and angling, ecational travel, cultural and traditional tourism, as well as some regional folk tourism.
The relevant definition of rural tourism more, Li-Hua Li Jing-ming and the narrow sense that refers to rural tourism in rural areas, in a rural natural and cultural objects for the tourist attraction of tourism. The concept of rural tourism includes two aspects: first, took place in rural areas, the village is as a tourist attraction of the two are indispensable.
Second, analysis of rural tourism development
1. Status of the development of rural tourism
Since the 70's since the 19th century, rural tourism in rural areas in developed countries has grown rapidly. This is the promotion of the economic downturn, the development of rural areas has played a very important role (Blaine and Golan 1993; Dernoi 1991). Rural tourism to the local economy and the significance has been fully proved (Fleischer & Pizam, 1997; Page & Getz, 1997; OECD, 1994). In many countries, rural tourism is considered to be a recession and to prevent the increase of agricultural income in rural areas an effective means (Arie Reichel, Oded Lowengart, Ady Milman, 1998).
The development of rural tourism development in the world very quickly, in 2001, more than 10,000 villages in the Italian tourism enterprises received a total of 2,100 million visitors, turnover of 900 billion liras (about 430 million U.S. dollars), compared to 2000 an increase of 12.5% (Xinhuanet, 2001.12.30). In the United States has 30 states for a clear policy on the tourism instry in rural areas, 14 of which states the overall development of tourism in their planning includes rural tourism (Luloff et al, 1994). In Israel, the development of rural tourism as a revenue decline in the rural areas as an effective complement the increase in the number of rural tourism enterprises (Fleischer & Pizam, 1997). At the same time, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the former Eastern Europe and the Pacific region, including in many countries are of the view that the tourism instry in rural areas, rural economic development and the driving force for economic diversification (Hall, & Jenkins, 1998).
United Kingdom Richard Sharpley (2001) that the rural tourism enterprises are facing major challenges: lack of support; the lack of training; tourism facilities and the lack of attraction; short season obviously, the utilization rate is not high; marketing aspects inefficient.
In the late 20th century, Spain, through its nearly 20-year study of rural tourism concluding that the modern rural tourism is very concive to promoting the development of rural areas of Spain, in Spain and more modern village at the age of tourists between the ages of 25-45 for the community high level of ecation, strong purchasing power of urban residents, rural activities on the enjoyment of them adopt a positive attitude, the main rural tourism activities, including sports, and agriculture-related areas such as labor and tourism, rural tourists, these modern multi-use of existing facilities, including The village is full of vigor and the farmhouse and other small hotels (Bardo'n1987, 1990; Bote 1987,1988; Candela 1992; Fuentes 1995).
China's rural tourism development around the major tourist and leisure agriculture mainly agricultural, are currently being marketed to tourism, study, learning, participation, recreation, leisure, vacation, and entertainment for the whole integrated development in which the participation rate of domestic tourists and the relatively high migration rate of rural tourism projects on a "living farm house, eating rice farming, dry farming of living, enjoy the music farm" for customs the content of tourism; to harvest a variety of farm procts as the main contents of the picking of tourism and agriculture to traditional folk festivals for the content of the rural areas, tourism and other festivals.
4. 鄉村旅遊之我見
贛菜味型之我見
2006-9-1 www.elong.com
一個菜系,代表一個地方的風味特色,一個地方風味,代表當地人們的飲食口味。
中國地大物博,各地氣候和人們飲食習慣不盡相同,各省區人們都有其特殊的口味偏愛和要求,如山東、東北多喜咸,江蘇、浙江多喜甜,山西、陝西多喜酸,四川、湖南多喜辣,正所謂:一方水土養一方人。同時,這些飲食口味的偏愛是形成地方風味特色的根本原因。
江西簡稱贛,江西菜又稱贛菜。它的形成有其社會、經濟、文化、物產資源各方面因素,氣候環境、飲食習俗更是其主要因素。江西,位於長江中下游南岸,四季氣候為春多梅雨、夏炎熱、秋乾燥、冬潮冷。山區地帶更為濕潤,由於特殊的環境氣候所致,江西人的飲食習慣中也是多喜香辣和偏愛咸鮮,口味注重濃郁,菜餚形成的特色頗具鮮明。 贛菜菜品品種多樣,贛菜調味豐富多采。它的調味和其它地方菜餚一樣,也是充分利用當地調味用料,在菜餚烹制過程中,巧妙配合,使不同的調料相互擴散,相互滲透,並融為一體,產生滋味。同時,利用各種調味料的特殊成分及其相互作用,加以調和,達到清除異味,突出正味,豐富口味的效果。同時贛菜也不忽視加熱中和加熱前、加熱後的輔助調味、補充調味,基本做到口味定標准,投料按比例,投料時間恰到好處,投料次序分明適當。贛菜的調味有其自身的內在規律,又有其調味的基本格局,產生的贛菜味型獨具特色。 贛菜的菜品味型較多,稱得上多姿多采,其大致可劃分為原汁原味型,復合味型和特殊味型三大類,其中尤以三杯味、家鄉味、多味、薑茶味、桔香味最為突出。
原汁原味型中的三杯味
贛菜的不少菜餚屬原汁原味型,它是贛菜菜餚的一大主要特色。即通過原料自身的鮮味相互滲透的烹調方法,輔以適當的調味料來突出主料本味的一種味型。三杯味型的調和是以一杯烹豬油,一杯甜米酒,一杯鮮醬油為調味料(一杯的定量標准視熱菜原料質的老嫩而定,原則上75克一杯為度)。江西菜"三杯雞"就是其典型的代表,它選用萬載三黃子雞,剁塊後直接盛入砂缽內用炭火爐燜制,使雞肉中的蛋白質和脂肪充分溶解於湯汁之中,調味料中只需投放醬油、豬油、米酒各一杯,以達到除去腥味,突出鮮味,增加滋味的目的,從而使主料的香鮮味得到充分的體現。採用三杯調料進行調味和炭火爐燜制出來的"三杯雞"色澤紅亮,雞肉香鮮骨酥,汁稠味濃、原汁原味,風味獨特。此外,贛菜中採用三杯調味烹制和以三杯命名的系列菜品尚有不少,如"三杯腳魚"、"三杯乳狗"、"三杯石雞"、"三杯肫肝"等。它們均屬於原汁原味型的傳統三杯味菜餚,其共同的特點是香鮮酥爛,汁稠味濃,原汁原味。 復合味型中的家鄉味
由於江西氣候環境的濕潤,人們依靠食物進行補充人體的不適,以達到正常的生理平衡,形成的飲食習俗和口味偏愛是順理成章的,因而贛菜中的偏香辣,重咸鮮,喜濃醇的菜品屢見不鮮,特別是家喻戶曉的家鄉味型,民間均廣為流傳。
家鄉味:它是選用鮮蒜頭、干紅椒、葡萄豆豉、精鹽、料酒、醬油等調味料進行綜合調和形成的一種復合味,其中豆豉為不可缺少的調料,以突出它的家鄉風味。豆豉中,含有人體多種不可缺少的氨基酸,咸甜兼備,醇厚鮮美。製作家鄉菜餚時,以精鹽滲透,豆豉增香,干椒提味,用量上以達到咸辣濃醇為度,突出家鄉味的特色,此味豉香濃厚,咸鮮香辣,四季皆宜。贛菜中?quot;家鄉肉"是其代表菜品之一。取豬瘦肉刀片,加筍片、青蒜、生薑、干紅椒、豆豉一起旺火煸炒出香味後,加精鹽、料酒、醬油一起燜制而成。贛菜中家鄉口味菜品的"家鄉魚"、"家鄉豆腐"、"家鄉雞"、"家鄉牛肉"等都具有咸鮮兼辣、豉香味濃的共同特點。
特殊味型中的多味、薑茶味和桔香味
贛菜菜品中,味型豐富多采,尤其是通過傳統贛菜發展產生出來的新品菜式和形式的新型口味菜餚,構成了由多種各具芳香的調味原料配比、融合、形成的新復合味型,它們都具有開胃、健脾、助消化吸收等多種保健功效。因而,贛菜中視這些味型為特殊味型。其中最具代表的是多味、薑茶味和桔香味。
多味:多味的產生是由精鹽、醬油、白糖、黃酒、紅酒、味精、胡椒粉、五香粉、薑末、蒜末、紅椒粉調合而成。它具有咸、甜、辣、香、鮮等味感,別具一格。這些調味品的相互配合,相輔相成,復合後,使菜餚在食用中同時能感覺到多種的滋味。"烤多味肉串"就是新派贛菜中的多味菜代表,它選用前夾豬肉切厚片,經上述調味料拌勻腌漬,鐵釺串好入烤箱,烤至金黃成菜。其特點是外香肉嫩,一菜多味。贛菜中採用雞、鴨、魚、肉,炸、溜、爆、炒烹制出來的多味菜品均深受廣大食客歡迎。
薑茶味:取老薑去皮切碎,與濃茶葉、精鹽、味精、香蔥、香油調和而成。其味清鮮淡雅、略顯苦澀、又隱苦香、菜品爽口,在調味中,以精鹽定味,重用薑茶汁,突出薑茶香味,味精增鮮,香油襯托薑茶的濃郁香味。生薑中富含醇、姜烯、姜酮等諸多物質,它具有驅寒、發汗、解毒等功效。茶葉含芳香油、茶鹼、鞣質和少量維生素等物質,葯用功能可解瀉、提神、消食利尿。贛菜中採用薑茶味調味的"薑茶鴨子"就是典型的菜例。"薑茶鴨子"取薑茶汁與調味料一起燒燜而成,其味清淡,甘香、辛辣、鮮嫩、饒有風味。以此推演出來的薑茶系列菜品有動物性、植物性多種原料,烹調方法也以炒、溜、燒、燜、蒸皆宜。由此創新調制的系列薑茶味菜餚?quot;薑茶蝦仁"、"薑茶桂魚"、"薑茶鴿子"、"薑茶豆腐"等美味佳餚,它在贛菜中顯得別具一格,並贏得消費者青睞。
桔香味:贛菜發展中產生的又一種新型口味。它是利用鮮桔汁,鮮桔皮、干桔皮的特有芳香氣味烹制菜餚,以達到去腥除膻的作用,即調和菜餚的滋味,又增香添色。桔香味的產生,它是以皮薄肉甜的南豐蜜桔皮、桔肉汁、精鹽、白糖、料酒、蔥、姜調和而成的,其特點是菜餚桔香味濃,具有一定的葯用功效。鮮桔肉富含糖、核黃素、尼克酸、胡蘿卜素等,還含有維生素P,桔皮含有大量的維生素C和香油精,它們具有理氣、化痰、健胃、降血壓等作用,還能促進維生素C的吸收。桔香味調味的菜品在贛菜中也有多款,諸如"桔香狗肉"、"桔汁魚"、"金桔粉蒸腸"、"桔皮雞絲"、"桔味蝦"等,均是利用鮮桔皮切絲去澀與執菜原料爆炒,桔汁鮮甜與調味料調和對汁烹制熱菜,去肉整桔皮裝菜餚作盛器取其香味作菜,特色新穎、風味別致。贛菜中調味的獨到之處,味型的獨特風格,豐富了贛菜的品種,增添了贛菜的花式。
進入現代餐飲消費市場後,烹飪行業發展迅猛,伴隨著全國眾多的風味菜點進一步在各地的交流、薈串、融合。贛菜也處在不斷的探索、創新、發展之中、力求調味的技法、技巧和新型口味的贛菜不斷開發,在注重不失傳統特色的基礎上,一改過去菜餚口味的偏咸、多油、重色、重芡的格局,正朝著符合現代餐飲消費領域、適合當地人們飲食習慣、適應各消費群體的口味要求發展。如果說烹飪是藝術,那麼烹制菜餚的調和滋味則是藝術中的精髓。用江西烹飪原料結合新工藝,取新型調味用料,大膽、創新、改良製作的諸多新味型特色菜品,是現今贛菜的一大突破,如:用水發刺參作主料的"龍馬精神"、雞腳筋烹制的"醬炒鳳筋"、廬山石雞蒸制的"荷香石雞"以及"爽爆雞心球"、"紅燜地虎"、"美極鴨咀"、"豉油蒸鱅魚頭"、"XO醬炒米粉"等,炸、溜、爆、炒、蒸、燒、燜的創新菜式都具有製作新穎、以味為重的特點,並形成了當地調料與外埠調料互相作用的新型復合味菜式,尤其是一些獨特口味和特殊菜餚調味醬汁的綜合運用,使之贛菜口味更為豐富。這些新味型菜式,業內人士稱之為"迷宗新味型",其菜式色、香、味、形在創意、風格上均得到一種品味的升華,格調的提高,使之贛菜呈現出頗具新潮的風貌。
贛菜要步入全國性主菜系,必須要將傳統特色與新派風格有機結合,要使贛菜系統的完善,要形成新風味特色的整體,尚須作出不懈的努力和提高,相信,不久的將來,在贛菜廚師的共同努力追求下,定能將贛菜發揚光大,並擠身於全國知名地方菜系的行列之中。
著名菜點有:三杯子雞、香質肉、冬筍干燒肉、黎毫炒臘肉、原籠船板肉、石魚炒蛋、沼陽魚片、炸石雞、興國豆腐、米粉牛肉、金錢吊葫蘆、信豐蘿卜餃、樟樹包面、黃元米果等。