歐洲旅遊業的發展英文論文
㈠ 旅遊英語論文的所有題目，越多越好
隨著旅遊業的發展,在有些國家或地區旅遊業甚至成為經濟收入最大的支柱產業.旅遊是經濟、社會、文化等現象的綜合反映，這一特性決定了旅遊的發展必然給旅遊地帶來經濟，環境，社會等一系列積極的影響。
發展旅遊業,還能增長當地的就業機會,使更多的人有業可從,解決了社會中就業的一大難題,降低社會制安事件的發生頻率.同時, 各地遊客的進入, 增長了當地居民和外地人的接觸和交往, 促進了相互間的文化交流, 擴大了視野, 提高了文化素養.發展國內旅遊業還可以促進其他產業的發展.旅遊業的發展能刺激旅遊者的消費，從而可以形成和擴大新的消費市場。
旅遊對經濟環境的有利影響是最為顯著的,旅遊業和其他產業相比,是一個投資少,見效快,無污染<相對污染工業而言>的產業,同時,旅遊業還能帶動其他產業的發展,這就使旅遊業對於該地區國民經濟收入具有重大的意義.
旅遊業對生態環境也有明顯的有利影響.隨著旅遊業的日益發展,不斷地開發旅遊資源,其中有不少旅遊資源原來就存在一些生態問題,,在旅遊資源開發中,便可採取旅遊生態建設和污染治理的措施,使開發出來的旅遊資源比原來的生態環境質量更高,即旅遊開發美化了生態環境.旅遊業還能保持生態環境.旅遊資源開發出來進入利用階段,若能科學地管理,能使當地生態環境進入良性循環.
發展國內旅遊業對於激發人民的愛國主義熱情，增進人們的身體健康，提高生活質量具有較大的作用。旅遊者游覽祖國錦綉山河和名勝古跡，對其開闊眼界，陶冶情操，擴大信息交流，增強身心健康都有積極的作用。尤其是在青少年中開展愛國主義教育，國內旅遊發揮的作用更為明顯。再次，發展內旅遊還可以促進思想觀念的更新，從而提高人民的素質。國內旅遊發展所形成的遊客流是信息流、觀念流的載體。這些信息、觀念、思維、生活方式的傳播，可以起著打破當地封閉保守思想、引發思維觀念更新的作用。強化人們之間的思想文化交流，更新思想觀念，其意義比因發展旅遊所獲得的經濟效益要深遠得多。國內旅遊業無論對於社會主義物質文明還是精神文明建設都有十分重要的促進作用。因此，發展國內旅遊業應當引起社會各界特別是旅遊界的充分重視。
當然，有好處就會有壞處。在旅遊食宿措施的建設過程中，水、電及其他能源供應的絮亂，費水、廢氣、垃圾的處理不及時等都可能對生態環境形成污染。在經濟利益的驅使下，不少旅遊地超負荷接待遊客，或亂建濫造旅遊措施，而使得一些有珍貴歷史文化價值的古跡或獨特、協調的自然、人文景觀遭受破壞
新手，沒分，不好意思。。。。願意的幫一下，謝謝
旅遊區的旅遊氣氛環境是由當地的自然環境，以及反映當地歷史、地方或民族氣息的環境烘托出來的，這其中，當地的環境和文化以及歷史起了很大的作用。遊客在欣賞大自然美景中，也要注意遵守社會公德。遊客自身也是風景的組成部分，不文明的行為舉止不僅會玷污美麗的風景，也會破壞他人游覽時的心情。和諧是大家共同的心聲，為了讓人人都能盡其游興，每一名遊客都不能放縱自己，應多一份謙讓，多一份風度，營造一個彼此友善、相互謙讓的良好旅遊氛圍。
With the development of tourism in some countries or regions or even become a tourism income of the largest pillar instry. Tourism is the economic, social and cultural phenomena, such as a comprehensive reflection of this decision features of the development of tourism is bound to bring tourism to the economy , The environment, a series of positive social impact.
The development of tourism, but also increase local employment opportunities so that more people from the instry has to address the social employment in one of the major problems and rece the social security system, the frequency of incidents. At the same time, all over the tourists to enter, an increase of Local residents and outside contacts and exchanges to promote mutual cultural exchanges and expand the vision to improve the culture. The development of domestic tourism can promote the development of other instries. Development of the tourism instry can stimulate the growth of tourist spending, Thus the formation of a new and expanding consumer market.
Tourism on the beneficial effects of the economic environment is the most significant, tourism and other instries, the investment is a small, effective, non-polluting <relative instrial pollution is concerned> the instry, at the same time, tourism can promote other instries Development, which makes the region for tourism revenue of the national economy is of great significance.
Eco-tourism on the environment is a clear positive impact. With the increasing development of the tourism instry, continuous development of tourism resources, tourism resources, many of which are original to the existence of a number of ecological problems in the development of tourism resources, can take eco-tourism And the construction of pollution control measures developed to make tourism resources than the original ecological environment quality, that is, the development of the tourism landscape of the ecological environment. Tourism instry can maintain the ecological environment. Tourism resources developed into the use of the stage, if scientifically Management, will enable the local ecological environment and to enter a virtuous circle.
The development of domestic tourism to stimulate people's patriotic enthusiasm, to promote people's health, improve the quality of life has a larger role. Tourists to visit the motherland's mountains and rivers and beautiful scenic spots and monuments in their eyes open, mold, and expand the exchange of information and enhance the physical and mental health have an active role. Especially in the young people to carry out patriotic ecation, the role of domestic tourism is even more apparent. Third, the development of tourism can promote the ideas of the update to improve the quality of the people. The development of domestic tourism by the formation of the flow of tourists is the flow of information, ideas flow vector. This information, concepts, ideas and the dissemination of the way of life, can play a conservative style of thinking to break the local and trigger mind-set of thinking. To strengthen the ideological and cultural exchanges between people, ideas and update of its significance than the development of tourism as a result of the economic benefits of access to much more far-reaching. No matter for the domestic tourism instry of the socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization construction, or have a very important role in the promotion. As a result, the development of domestic tourism instry should lead the local community in particular is full of great importance to the tourism instry.
Of course, there will be good for the pros. Tourist accommodation in the building measures, such as water, electricity and other energy supplies Xu chaos, cost of water, waste gas, waste and so in a timely manner to deal with possible pollution of the environment to form. Driven by economic interests, many tourists travel to overload, or making travel chaos over-building measures, and there are some valuable historical and cultural values or unique heritage, the coordination of natural and cultural landscape damage
Novice, no, sorry. . . . The willingness to help us, thank you
Tourism travel environment is an atmosphere of the local natural environment, as well as to reflect local history, local or national environmental flavor contrast from which the local environment and culture, and history played an important role. Visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature, should also pay attention to abide by social morality. Their visitors are also an integral part of the scenery, and uncivilized behavior will not only tarnish the beauty of the scenery, will undermine the feelings of others when they visit. Harmony is our common aspiration for people who can make the best travel-hing, every visitor can inlge themselves, should be a more humility, more than a grace and one another to create a friendly, mutual humility of a good tourist atmosphere.
㈡ 求：旅遊業品牌發展戰略的英文資料
First, the development of the tourism brand strategy
Brand-driven business is tourism enterprises to truly realize the value of the assets, brand strategy is a scientific management system. Mainly includes the following components:
1, for the correct positioning of the tourism market
This is a city or region of the core values of tourism image. To build a city or regional tourism image of the tourist center of the issue of brand building, which requires integration of the tourism image of factors, a comprehensive tourism information to the image displayed, showing the face of tourism consumers, so that the target audience of urban or tourist areas have a clear the impression that stimulate their awareness, the desire to participate.
2, shaping the meaning of brand
Fifty years ago, the value of tourism enterprises by nearly 80% of tangible assets such as plant, equipment and inventory and so on. Today, tourism enterprises for nearly 50% of the value of a decision by the intangible assets. These usually do not directly appear in the accounts, the relatively difficult measurement. However, these assets, the most important is the brand of tourism enterprises.
Shape the quality and content of the brand, improve customer loyalty is one of many tourist enterprises trends. Food and beverage market in order to break through the existing business model of the "bottleneck" and change consumer hotel "luxurious style, but very expensive business deserted" the view of the Xiamen Jinyan Hotel in the food and beverage operations, bold innovation, and make full use of Xiamen Airlines Hotel , Quanzhou Aviation Hotel, Wuyishan Zhuang restaurant chain advantages of centralized purchasing, and Xiamen, through 23 large-scale fishing vessels to establish cooperation alliances, as well as rely on the Xiamen Airlines flight advantages, expand the vision of the procurement as well as outside the country, as far as possible, rece the food and beverage procurement cost and establish a high-end hotel concept of the civilian population of the consumer. In ensuring high-quality food under the premise of the hotel continue to introce new dishes to meet the needs of people of different levels of consumer demand, a growing business is booming, catering turnover ranking the top hotels in Xiamen. At this point, that is often said the "soft power." For "soft power" the more adequate understanding of the "soft power" a higher level of attention, a city or region's tourism procts and services will be needed for people. Brand can be said is a "soft power" of the Dacheng, is "soft power" as an important performance. Today, tourism is not the consumer robots, they have not just simply take out travel procts, but in the choice of a concept and attitudes.
3, based on the quality of system management, brand management standardization, and scientific proceres.
At present, China has introced a number of tourism enterprises ISO9000 international standards, established a quality management system, and some also adopted the ISO9000 quality system certification, so that scientific brand management, and international standards. China is already 28 to implement the World Heritage ISO14000 international environmental management standards, and six have been through this environmental management system. However, it should be emphasized that the introction of ISO9000 international standards, it is only for tourism enterprises to create the conditions to participate in international competition, but by no means a magic weapon for the formation of a competitive advantage. Quality management system can be copied, but the concept of brand can not be copied, can not be copied, only the concept of tourism enterprises in order to truly create a competitive advantage.
4, through the network operations, to achieve brand expansion.
Tourism businesses are tourism services are intangible procts, the proction process is the consumption process, visitors can not purchase procts that immediately come into contact with. Relative brand instrial procts, it is soft, and the need for consumers to enjoy services in the course of feelings. Therefore, a travel agency or hotel can attract more tourists, but also to visitors to its brand influence. Moreover, the tourism proct of its proction and consumption at the same time, the decision to promote the tourism brand can not be like any other brand of instrial enterprises, through the flow of procts to achieve, and only by consumers - to achieve the flow of tourists, thus for tourism enterprises, network operators must pass in order to achieve an effective expansion of the brand.
Second, brands with the future development of tourism
Brand and the future of tourism showed the following characteristics:
First, is the only way to participate in international competition.
Spain Tourist Office in China on behalf of Arthur羅克拉韋爾said: "Europe's' China fever 'is an indisputable fact, many travel agencies in Spain, said the Chinese tour groups to the sale of bread to sell as fast as like. "However, the desire for quick profits brought about by a number of issues, such as an increase in theft cases, travel agencies, agreed to randomly change the lines, attack on the tourists sit idly by and so on, have begun to appear. Chinese tourists to travel on the local travel agents complained repeatedly, some smaller travel agencies in order to earn quick money disregard the interests of home visitors, tourists and tour guides resulting contradictions and conflicts between. These discordant phenomenon that in a competitive era of economic globalization, the need to create an international brand, it will help tourism enterprises in international markets surging in the right navigation, on the other side towards success.
Secondly, the established market position, create a number of travel brands and rece the impact of market competition.
To develop tourism enterprises in international markets should only have a global brand, from the surface, the answer is obvious, it should be in the affirmative. How to build a global brand in China this? Shanghai Ogilvy & Mather advertising Zhang, senior planning officer said: "Brand advertising is not the only means of establishing a strong brand can bring to consumers the memory of a moment, while the value of this memory is impossible to measure, more and more enterprises will be the focus of attention is the quality of clients rather than the number of customers. "
Over the years, Guangxi, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huangshan, Wuyishan scenic tourist city and so have introced a wide range of tourism procts, to create their own brand of tourism. Northwest Yunnan in China, there is a with the United States comparable to the Grand Canyon of the East Grand Canyon - Grand Canyon River. Nu Autonomous County of Gongshan Dulong territory and give full play to advantages of resources to the organic integration of tourism and culture, want to create "Three-River Pearl," "River Grand Canyon" world-class tourism brand. In 2006, announced to build the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to possession of Princess Wencheng legend, the myth of the Kunlun Mountains, Tea Horse Road, the theme of anecdotes唐蕃古道"Seven brand" the project. Fujian also focus on creating Gulangyu music culture, political culture vessel Fuzhou, Wuyishan World Heritage, Putian Meizhou Mazu belief, Quanzhou Maritime Silk Road, Zhangzhou Tianfu Tea, seven土樓Yongding tourism brand.
Third, the franchise brand and the close combination of the search for "famous brand" shock effect.
China Franchise Association Franchising is defined as "the concession will be of its own trademarks, trade names, procts, patents and proprietary technology, business model, such as in accordance with the terms of the contract, the franchisor under a unified business model to engage in business activities to pay the appropriate license fee. "This franchise is characterized, it will a unique commodity, trade marks, patents and business model a set of combination of complex intellectual property rights.
一、旅遊品牌的發展戰略
品牌驅動經營，是旅遊企業資產價值的真正體現，品牌戰略是科學的管理系統。主要包括以下環節：
1、進行正確的旅遊市場定位
此乃一個城市或者地區旅遊形象的核心價值。構築城市或者地區旅遊形象，是旅遊品牌建設的中心問題，它要求整合旅遊形象因子，將旅遊形象信息綜合地表現出來，呈現在旅遊消費者面前，使目標受眾對城市或者地區旅遊產生清晰、明確的印象，激發其感知、參與的慾望。
2、塑造品牌的內涵
五十年前，旅遊企業價值的將近80%由有形資產，如廠房、設備和存貨等組成。如今，旅遊企業價值的將近50%由無形資產決定。這些內容通常不會直接顯示在賬目上，相對難以測算。但是，這些資產中，最重要的一項就是旅遊企業的品牌。
塑造品牌的品質和內涵，提高客戶的忠誠度，是許多旅遊企業的一個發展趨勢。為了突破餐飲市場原有經營模式的「瓶頸」，轉變消費者對酒店「豪華氣派，但價格昂貴，生意冷清」的看法，廈門金雁酒店在餐飲經營中，大膽創新，充分利用與廈門航空賓館、泉州航空酒店、武夷山莊連鎖餐飲集中采購的優勢，通過與廈門23艘大型捕撈船建立合作聯盟，以及依託廈門航空公司的航班優勢，把采購的視野擴大到全國乃至境外，盡可能降低餐飲采購成本價格，樹立高檔酒店平民化消費的理念。在確保菜餚高品質的前提下，酒店不斷推出新菜式，滿足不同消費層次的人的需求，生意日益紅火，餐飲營業額排名廈門市各酒店榜首。在這一點上，即是人們常說的「軟實力」。對於「軟實力」的認知越充分，對「軟實力」的重視程度越高，一個城市或者地區的旅遊產品和服務就越能夠為人們所需要。品牌可以說是集「軟實力」之大成，是「軟實力」的一個重要表現。如今，旅遊消費者並非機器人，他們已不僅僅只是簡單地購買旅遊產品，而是在選擇一種觀念和態度。
3、依託質量體系管理，使品牌管理規范化、程序化和科學化。
目前，我國許多旅遊企業引進了ISO9000國際標准，建立了質量管理體系，有的還通過了ISO9000質量體系認證，使品牌管理科學化，與國際標准接軌。我國正已28處世界遺產地推行ISO14000國際環境管理標准，並且已有6處通過這一環境管理體系。但必須強調的是，引進ISO9000國際標准，它只是為旅遊企業參與國際競爭創造條件，但絕不是形成競爭優勢的法寶。質量管理體系皆可復制，惟有品牌的理念不可復制，只有無法復制的理念才能真正為旅遊企業創造競爭優勢。
4、通過網路化經營，實現品牌擴張。
旅遊企業提供的產品是旅遊服務，是無形商品，產品的生產過程也就是消費過程，遊客對所購買的產品無法馬上接觸到。相對工業產品的品牌而言，它是軟性的，需要消費者在享受服務的過程中感受的。因此，一家旅行社或者酒店能否吸引到更多客源，也在於其品牌對遊客的影響力。不僅如此，旅遊產品其生產和消費的同時性，決定了旅遊品牌的推廣無法像其他工業企業的品牌那樣，通過產品的流動來實現，而只能通過消費者——遊客的流動來實現，因而對於旅遊企業而言，必須通過網路化經營，才能實現品牌的有效擴張。
二、品牌與旅遊的未來發展
品牌與旅遊的未來將呈現如下特點：
第一，是參與國際競爭的必由之路。
西班牙旅遊局駐華代表阿圖羅·克拉韋爾說：「歐洲的『中國熱』是一個不爭的事實，許多西班牙旅行機構都表示，去中國的旅行團的銷售情況就像賣麵包一樣快。」然而，迅速獲利的渴望帶來的一些問題，如盜竊案件增多、旅行社隨意改變約定線路，對遊客遭受攻擊坐視不管等，已經開始顯現出來。到中國旅行的遊客對當地旅行社的抱怨頻頻，一些規模較小的旅行社為了賺取外快置遊客利益於不顧，造成遊客與導游之間的矛盾沖突。這些不和諧的現象，表明在經濟全球化競爭年代，國際品牌創建的必要性，它將幫助旅遊企業在洶涌澎湃的國際市場中進行正確的導航，駛向成功的彼岸。
第二，確立市場定位，打造多項旅遊品牌，減少市場競爭帶來的沖擊。
開拓國際市場的旅遊企業是否應該只擁有一個全球品牌，從表面來看，答案顯而易見，應該是肯定的。中國怎樣打造全球品牌呢?上海奧美廣告資深企劃人員張潔認為：「廣告並不是建立品牌的惟一手段，一個強勁的品牌能否給消費者帶來一個瞬間的記憶，而這個記憶的價值是無法衡量的，越來越多的企業將關注的焦點是客戶的質量而不是客戶的數量。」
數年來，廣西、雲南、內蒙古、福建、浙江、黃山、武夷山等風景旅遊城市也都推出多種旅遊產品，打造各自的旅遊品牌。在我國滇西北，有一條與美國科羅拉多大峽谷相媲美的東方大峽谷——怒江大峽谷。貢山獨龍族怒族自治縣充分發揮境內優勢資源，把旅遊與民族文化有機結合，欲打造「三江明珠」、「怒江大峽谷」世界級旅遊品牌。2006年，青藏高原宣布打造以文成公主人藏傳說、昆侖山神話、茶馬古道、唐蕃古道軼事為主題的「七大品牌」工程。福建也著力打造鼓浪嶼音樂文化、福州船政文化、武夷山世界遺產、莆田湄州媽祖信仰、泉州海上絲綢之路、漳州天福名茶、永定土樓七大旅遊品牌。
第三，品牌與特許經營權的密切結合，尋求「知名品牌」震撼效應。
我國特許經營權協會對特許經營權所下的定義是「特許人將自己擁有的商標、商號、產品、專利和專有技術、經營模式等按照合同規定，在特許人統一業務模式下從事經營活動，並向特許人支付相應的費用。」這種特許經營權的特點是，它將某項獨特的商品、商標、專利權與一整套經營模式組合而成的知識產權綜合體。
㈢ 歐洲旅遊業發展特點
第一來，重視旅遊硬體設施建源設。歐洲的旅遊景點除了陽光、海水、沙灘等自然風光外，主要是皇宮、古堡、雕塑、廣場，這些景點盡管歷經幾百、上千年，但大都保護得相當完好。
第二，旅遊交通十分發達。奧、西、德三國的機場設施十分方便。在德國的法蘭克福， 機場規模更大，年吞吐量達3500萬人次，是世界第二大航空港，候機樓內各種各樣的免稅店、酒吧、餐廳、郵電所、退稅處一應俱全。
第三，旅遊商品開發與旅遊購物環境優化。一要加大旅遊商品開發力度，二要狠下決心整頓旅遊購物市場秩序，打擊各種侵害遊客購物消費權益的不法行為，精心營造公平、有序、豐富、舒適的旅遊購物大環境，以一流的特色旅遊商品、規范優質的服務吸引遊客，使旅遊購物比重有大的增長。
第四，重視旅遊資源保護和合理開發。這一點在歐洲各國體現得非常明顯。在歐洲的海濱浴場沙灘，既看不到遊客亂丟的垃圾、廢棄物，也看不到附近排出污染海灘的生活或工業廢水，盡管如此，浴場管理部門每月還用沙灘翻曬機器清理幾次。歐洲的許多皇宮、廣場、古堡，就單個建築來看，未必都很美，但綠化一搞好，就美得令人擊節稱贊。
第五，旅遊窗口行業的精神文明。
㈣ 歐洲旅遊業發展的優勢和對我國旅遊業發展的啟示
第一，重視旅遊硬體設施建設。西班牙、奧地利、德國對旅遊景點的開發建
設都很重視。歐洲的旅遊景點除了陽光、海水、沙灘等自然風光外，主要是皇宮、
古堡、雕塑、廣場，這些景點盡管歷經幾百、上千年，但大都保護得相當完好。
據了解，奧地利政府每年都投入巨額資金用於皇宮、城市公園建築與綠化的管護，
而維也納的皇宮及公園的大門都是免費向遊客敞開的，除了進入存有重要文物的
宮殿內部參觀，遊客無須花一分錢。維也納皇家園林、公園對遊客不收門票好像
是虧了，但由於吸引了大批的遊客前來觀光，全社會的旅遊綜合經濟效益提高了，
國家的稅收收入增加了，旅遊投入就成了有源之水。
第二，旅遊交通十分發達。奧、西、德三國的機場設施給我們留下了深刻的
印象。在西班牙常住人口僅4萬的馬約卡島， 竟有一個年吞吐量1000多萬人次的
大機場，該島的航班每10分鍾起降一次，機場的換票值機口有100多個,遊客進出
島旅遊十分方便。在德國的法蘭克福， 機場規模更大，年吞吐量達3500萬人次，
是世界第二大航空港，候機樓內各種各樣的免稅店、酒吧、餐廳、郵電所、退稅
處一應俱全。
第三，必須強化旅遊商品開發與優化旅遊購物環境。旅遊商品生產與購物是
我國旅遊諸要素中的弱項，必須下決心予以改變。在歐洲各國的旅遊收入中，旅
游購物佔有相當大的比重。西班牙物美價廉的皮具、義大利的名牌服裝、德國的
照相機、瑞士的手錶，還有各國精美的旅遊工藝品，對外國遊客都很有吸引力。
我們的旅遊商品近年來雖然有所發展，但名牌產品少，品種單調，特色淡化，制
作粗糙，難於攜帶。最令人頭疼的是假冒偽劣產品滿天飛，以假充真、以次充好、
漫天要價、坑蒙宰殺遊客、收取高額回扣等現象，令中外遊客對旅遊購物望而卻
步。因此，要振興旅遊購物，一要加大旅遊商品開發力度，二要狠下決心整頓旅
游購物市場秩序，打擊各種侵害遊客購物消費權益的不法行為，精心營造公平、
有序、豐富、舒適的旅遊購物大環境，以一流的特色旅遊商品、規范優質的服務
吸引遊客，使旅遊購物比重有大的增長。
第四，必須高度重視旅遊資源保護和合理開發。這一點在歐洲各國體現得非
常明顯。在歐洲的海濱浴場沙灘，既看不到遊客亂丟的垃圾、廢棄物，也看不到
附近排出污染海灘的生活或工業廢水，盡管如此，浴場管理部門每月還用沙灘翻
曬機器清理幾次。歐洲的許多皇宮、廣場、古堡，就單個建築來看，未必都很美，
但綠化一搞好，就美得令人擊節稱贊。所以旅遊資源保護非常重要，而我們這方
面工作還抓得不夠有力，必須大大強化
第五，必須加強旅遊窗口行業的精神文明建設。
第六，必須大力發展旅遊交通。歐洲發展旅遊業的經驗告訴我們，發展交通
是發展大旅遊的先決條件。沒有安全、順暢、高速、便捷的旅遊交通網路，就沒
有高度發達的旅遊業。近年來我國的旅遊交通雖然已有較大的發展，但總體上還
是相對滯後。
㈤ 誰能把這個論文題目翻譯成英文；調查中國綏芬河與俄羅斯波格拉尼奇內旅遊業發展的挑戰與機遇
Survey for Challenges & Opportunities in Tourism Development of Both Suifen River in China and Pogranichnyy Rayon in Russia
作為標題，各單詞首字母，大寫；介詞、連詞除外
供參
㈥ 關於旅遊業發展困境與對策論文的英文版研究綜述怎麼寫
文獻綜述，還是英文的，可以寫。用人們熟知的事物作比喻來證明論點。（作用：生動形象地論證了觀點（主論點或分論點），使文章淺顯易懂，易於理解和接受）此外，在駁論中，往往還採用「以子之矛，攻子之盾」的批駁方法和「歸謬法」。在多數議論文中往往是綜合運用的。
㈦ 歐洲西部是國際旅遊業最發達的地區其發展國際旅遊業的優勢條件
歐洲西部經濟發達，交通便利，自然和人文旅遊資源豐富，挪威陡峻幽深的峽灣、瑞士的雪峰、西班牙陽光燦爛的海灘都是秀麗的自然景觀，古都羅馬、藝術之都巴黎、慕尼黑的啤酒節這些人文景觀讓人想往，目前歐洲西部是世界上旅遊業最發達的地區．
故選：C．
㈧ 世界旅遊業的發展趨勢論文800字
隨著世界經濟的發展和人們生活水平的提高，旅遊已經成為人們休閑度假的主要選擇方式之一。旅遊業的發展不僅給許多國家提供了大量的就業機會，而且還為它們帶來豐厚的外匯收入。因此，旅遊業日益引起各國政府的重視。
據世界旅遊組織今年年初發表的年度報告統計，2002年世界各國和地區入境旅遊人數達7．15億人次，創歷史最高記錄。其中，歐洲入境旅遊人數仍居世界第一位，為4．11億人次，佔世界旅遊市場的57．5％。近年來，亞洲旅遊業蓬勃發展，已成為全球旅遊業最興旺的地區之一。2002年前往亞太地區的國際遊客達1．31億人次，僅次於歐洲。美洲地區也是世界旅遊的熱點地區，2002年入境旅遊人數為1．21億人次。非洲的遠古文明和原始風光也開始吸引遊客的視線，去年入境旅遊人數達到2410萬人次。
世界旅遊組織公布的統計數字顯示，法國仍是世界第一旅遊大國，2002年法國接待的外國遊客人數突破了歷史記錄，達7670萬人次，佔世界旅遊市場的10．7％。其次是西班牙、美國和義大利，接待人數分別為5130萬人次、4540萬人次和3950萬人次。中國的悠久歷史、秀麗風光、博大精深的文化和多樣化的民風民俗以及安全的旅遊環境等，產生了巨大吸引力，使得去年中國入境旅遊者總數達到3680萬人次，居世界第五位。
今年上半年由於受伊拉克戰爭和非典疫情的影響，全球旅遊業一度疲軟。從下半年開始，歐洲旅遊業增長較明顯，非洲和美洲也有增長。亞洲一些地區的旅遊及相關服務行業也開始逐步恢復正常。世界旅遊組織樂觀地表示，亞洲支柱產業之一的旅遊業將會在今年年底全面復甦。
目前，世界旅遊業正朝著區域化、多樣化趨勢發展。多年來，世界旅遊業主要以歐洲為主體，現在逐漸形成歐洲、亞太地區和美洲三足鼎立的局面。在旅遊方式的選擇上，一些國家採取以「新」、「異」取勝的戰略，除一些傳統旅遊項目外，文化旅遊、商務旅遊、生態旅遊和網路旅遊等特色旅遊，以其新穎、別致、時代性強和內容豐富多彩等特點吸引遊客，取得了很好的經濟效益。另外，由於受世界經濟因素影響，未來國際旅遊市場的競爭亦將日趨激烈。
如何更好地開發旅遊資源、吸引更多旅遊者、增加本國的外匯收入和就業機會，已經成為各國共同面對的問題。許多國家通過頒布旅遊組織法或旅遊基本法、直接投資或減稅、設立旅遊發展基金、制定休假制度、實行「低門檻」入境和「低門檻」收費政策等，以保證和支持本國旅遊業的健康發展。
㈨ 簡述歐洲的旅遊業
I.首先現代旅遊業在西歐產生，原因如下：
具體地分析。近代旅遊業首先在西歐產生，有以下幾方面的基礎和便利條件。
第一，在18世紀，西歐各國的貴族`作家`詩人`和藝術家已掀起了旅遊熱潮，或為了增加見聞`豐富知識，或為了觀賞風光`回歸自然，或為了開闊眼界`領略異國風情，使國內和國際旅遊成為一種時尚。19世紀中葉旅遊業的產生與發展規律，正是在這種旅遊時尚的影響下出現的。
第二，產業革命加快了城市化進程，加強了生產勞動和經營管理的強度，加深了資本主義社會的基本矛盾。這就使得人們特別是工業資產階級重視假日休息，追求到自然環境中去調適。
第三，更為重要的是，產業革命帶來了生產和科學技術的巨大進步，蒸汽機的發明及其在交通中的運用，使較大規模的旅遊活動成為可能。1825年，第一輛蒸汽火車在英國投入經營，到1875年英國鐵路運輸年旅客周轉量已超過6億人英里。火車運輸與過去馬車載客相比運載量大，速度快，既節省費用，又節省時間，大大方便了人們短期外出旅遊，19世紀蒸汽動力技術在航行上得到廣泛應用，輪船迅速普及。輪船在歐美各國不僅運送國內旅客，更主要的是運送橫渡英吉利海峽和大西洋的旅客，英國與歐洲大陸和西歐與美洲之間的國際旅行得意發展。
II.下面簡述一下歐洲旅遊業的優勢：
首先，歐洲旅遊業發展較早，如今已形成產業化模式，服務、交通、市場等方面都具有優勢。
其次，歐洲國家大多工業發達，又注重環境保護，人口密度適中，所以自然環境較好，人口素養高，比其他的旅遊目的地更有優勢。
再次，歐洲具有獨特的自然風光，其又在良好的開發下，使遊客得到最佳的享受。
再次，如今的歐盟，使遊客拿著一國簽證即可旅遊數過，為遊客提供了方便。歐洲的城市大多開發合理，市場質素健全，遊客可以自由消費。
最後，由於殖民時期的影響，使得大多發展中國家群眾對歐洲包衣天堂的印象，所以，在如今經濟發展的情況下，都願意解囊去歐洲一窺究竟，其中以中國人為最
㈩ 有關歐洲中世紀大學的英文論文
歐洲中世紀大學 Medieval European Universities
Medieval university is such an institution of higher learning which was established ring Gothic period and is a corporation.
The first European medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. These universities evolved from much older schools and monasteries, and it is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher ecation in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.
"The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guild (or guilds)—that is, the corporation of students and masters—within the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum, or universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium. In the course of time, however, probably toward the latter part of the 14th century, the term began to be used by itself, with the exclusive meaning of a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars whose corporate existence had been recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority."
History
Origins
Though some higher ecation institutions like the Nalanda University or University of Constantinople claim to be the oldest universities, the first universities in the modern sense (academic degree-granting higher ecation institutions) in western religious world were the University of Al-Karaouine (established in 859)[2] and Al-Azhar University (established in 975).[3] A different case is the University of Constantinople, which was founded in the 9th century as a secular institute of higher learning, to support the state administration. In China and eastern world, there were many higher institutes of learnings in mediaval era, the tradition of which can trace back to ancient times, like the school Shang Hsiang.
The first degree-granting university in medieval Europe was the University of Bologna (established in 1088). The first universities in Europe were influenced in many ways by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily at the time, and in the Middle East ring the Crusades.[4] Medieval European universities were also influenced by a Gothic ethos: to build communities like communes (cities) themselves or guilds. With the increasing professionalisation of society ring the 12th and 13th centuries, a similar demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Europe had been relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with the study of the liturgy and prayer; very few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of church administration, including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion, and accounting to more effectively control finances. Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. However, demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. So, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Paris and Bologna.
The first universities in Europe (University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (1160), University of Oxford (1167), University of Cambridge (1209), University of Palencia (1212), University of Salamanca (1218), University of Montpellier (1220), University of Paa (1222), University of Toulouse (1229) and University of Orleans (1235)) began as private enterprise of teachers and their pupils. Soon they realized they need protection against local city authorities. They petioned secular power for privileges and this became a model. Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita (1158) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna. Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 "forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach (licentia docendi), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers".
Establishment
A predecessor of the modern university was in Paris, especially under the guidance of Peter Abelard, who wrote Sic et Non ("Yes and No"), which collected texts for university study. Dissatisfied with tensions between burghers and students and the censorship of leading intellectuals by the Church, Abelard and others formed the Universitas, modelled on the mediaeval guild, self-regulating, permanent institution of higher ecation. The University of Paris became one of the first clearly established universities, when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens Scientiarium
This was revolutionary step: studium generale (university) and universitas (corporation of students or teachers) existed even before, but now it got autonomy. "[T]he papal bull of 1233, which stipulated that anyone admitted to be a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations (ius ubique docendi), in time, transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy . . . By the year 1292, even the two oldest universities, Bologna and Paris, felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV."[5]
By the 13th century, almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters (abbots, archbishops, cardinals), and over one-third of the second-highest offices were occupied by masters. In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were procts of the mediaeval university.
The development of the mediaeval university coincided with the widespread reintroction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars and the decline in popularity of Platonism and Neoplatonism in favour of Aristotelian thought.
Age of medieval universities was ended by Humanism and its academies.
Characteristics
Initially medieval universities did not have a campus. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. A university was not a physical space but a collection of indivials banded together as a universitas. Soon, however, some universities (such as Cambridge) began to buy or rent rooms specifically for the purposes of teaching.
Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state, a fact which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all the principal Catholic institutions in England. These structural differences created other characteristics. At the Bologna university the students ran everything -- a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. Also, in Paris the main subject matter was theology, so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese. In Bologna, where students chose more secular studies, the main subject was law.
University studies took six years for a Bachelor's degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate. The first six years were organized by the faculty of arts, where the seven liberal arts were taught: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric. The primary emphasis was on logic.
Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies, in one of the three other faculties – law, medicine, or theology – in which to pursue the master's degree and doctorate degree. Theology was the most prestigious area of study, and the most difficult.
Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. For example a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were not elective: the course offerings were set, and everyone had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.
Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age. Classes usually started at 05:00 or 06:00. Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy. In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them; they could only be tried for crimes in a church court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment. This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity, a fact which proced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students who did not face serious consequences. This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities. Students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot (started by the students) left a number of students dead; the University went on strike and they did not return for two years. As the students had the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women, women were not admitted into universities.
A popular textbook for university study was called the Sentences (Quattuor libri sententiarum) of Peter Lombard; theology students and masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum. Much of mediaeval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching.
Most universities of international excellence in Europe were registered by the Holy Roman Empire as a Studium Generale. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often giving lecture courses at a different Studium Generale.
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指11～17世紀歐洲各國興起的高等學府，為近代高等教育之濫觴。大學(University)一詞源於拉丁文Uni-versitas，意為「總和」、「聯合」，即學生組織之間或學生組織與教師組織之間的聯合團體。
中世紀初期，歐洲教育為教會所壟斷。為了培養僧職人員，教會在地方興辦僧院學校，在教區設立主教學校。11世紀西歐城市興起以後，由於手工業和商業的發展以及城市反對領主的斗爭，迫切需要能讀會寫、具有各方面知識的人才。原有的僧院學校遠不能滿足社會發展的需要。於是從11世紀起，一些城市的手工業行會和商人公會，以及市政當局，打破教會幾百年來對教育的壟斷，自發地創辦了世俗學校。學校根據城市生產、交換和社會生活的需要，開設文法和計算方面的課程，培養各方面的人才。城市學校的普遍興起，促進了城市文化教育水平的提高，引起人們對古典藝術、古典哲學和研究羅馬法的興趣。這種新型學校不依靠教會，而是靠學生交納學費維持學校的經費開支。校長和教師統由行會和市政當局共同聘任。這種新型學校在中世紀得到普遍的發展和擴大。
中世紀，在西歐某些城市學校和主教學校的基礎上開始出現大學。最早的大學產生於義大利。具有代表性且影響較大的是薩萊諾大學、博洛尼亞大學和巴黎大學。薩萊諾大學設在義大利的薩萊諾,先是有一所醫學校,11世紀初成為醫學研究中心。當時，猶太人阿非利加諾來到薩萊諾，編譯希臘醫學家希波克拉底和阿拉伯的醫學著作，對醫學理論和醫療事業有很大推動。薩萊諾大學成為歐洲最早的醫科大學，1231年得到政府承認。11世紀末出現的博洛尼亞法律學校以研究法學著稱，1158年得到神聖羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈一世（紅鬍子）頒布敕令的保護,學生團體取得了一定的自由權利和特權地位,遂發展成為博洛尼亞大學。博洛尼亞大學的學生按照籍貫組成同鄉會，到13世紀阿爾卑斯山南北兩個同鄉會聯合起來,形成「法科大學」。這是一種學生團體的聯合,不包括教師按學科成立的組織「學科會」。此後，大學便經常與市政當局和其他市民接觸，成為獨立的市民團體。不久教師組織便與學生組織聯合，統由學生中選出的校長管理，從而確立了師生合一的大學的形式。博洛尼亞大學設有文學院和醫學院，在14世紀以前還設有神學院，最初統由法科大學校長管轄。到14世紀初，博洛尼亞大學取得獨立的審判權，成為名副其實的自治團體。法國的巴黎大學始建於12世紀末，由原巴黎聖母院大教堂學校發展而來，正式形成於13世紀初。1209年在巴黎出現了教師會組織。1215年，教師會與學生會一起得到教皇亞歷山大三世的正式承認。1231年，羅馬教皇以敕令肯定該大學的自決權。巴黎大學由主教的代理人主持，教授由教會委任，並發給薪俸。學校的管理人員不是由全體學生選舉，而是由取得博士和碩士學位的人選舉產生。全校分為 4個系，各系由公選的系主任主持。文藝系為普通教育階段，具有預科教育的性質。學生在這里主要學習「自由七藝」（文法、修辭、倫理、算術、幾何、天文和音樂），修完前 3科，可得文學士學位，全部修完後 4科，可得文學碩士學位。然後取得投考其他 3個高級專門系（神學、醫學、教會法）的資格。修完專門系的課程，才能取得博士學位。入學年齡和修學年限均無明確規定。一般修完初級和高級兩個階段，大約需要12～13年。歐洲中世紀大學多是自治團體。它既不隸屬於教會，又不受制於地方，保持相對獨立性，可以自由研究學術。由教授和學生共同推選校長進行管理。博洛尼亞大學類型在南歐比較普及,而巴黎大學類型則在北歐占優勢。
繼義大利和法國之後，英國創辦了牛津大學(1168)和劍橋大學(1209)(見彩圖)。14世紀,德國建立了海德堡大學,捷克建立了布拉格大學，波蘭創辦了克拉科夫大學。到1500年，全歐已有80所大學，1600年大學發展到 108所。中世紀歐洲大學的出現和發展為歐洲文藝復興、宗教改革運動作了准備，促進了各國文化和學術的發展，有利於城市的繁榮和工商業的進步，加速了國際間的文化和學術的交流，並對當時和後來的教育事業產生了重大影響。